内外源提示下学障儿童注意定向的眼动研究

对三、六年级22名学障儿童和22名按年龄、性别和受教育水平匹配的正常儿童在内外源提示下的注意表现进行了眼动研究。结果表明:当内源性提示有效性比例较低时,学障和正常儿童的提示效度效应均不明显;当提示目标间隔时间较长时,外源性提示有效性对各组被试的反应时无显著影响;在内外源性提示下,六年级儿童的绩效好于三年级;学障儿童在反应时间、加工速度上和正常儿童没有显著差异,但在加工广度和策略上不如正常儿童。这些结果表明学障儿童的注意定向和相关的认知加工能力与正常儿童有所差异。     

In the Eye of the Beholder: Eye-tracking Assessment of Social Information Processing in Aggressive Behavior

Acording to social information processing theories, aggressive children are hypersensitive to cues of hostility and threat in other people’s behavior. However, even though there is ample evidence that aggressive children over-interpret others’ behaviors as hostile, it is unclear whether this hostile attribution tendency does actually result from overattending to hostile and threatening cues. Since encoding is posited to consist of rapid automatic processes, it is hard to assess with the selfreport measures that have been used so far. Therefore, we used a novel approach to investigate visual encoding of social information. The eye movements of thirty 10–13 year old children with lower levels and thirty children with higher levels of aggressive behavior were monitored in real time with an eyetracker, as the children viewed ten different cartoon series of ambiguous provocation situations. In addition, participants answered questions concerning encoding and interpretation. Aggressive children did not attend more to hostile cues, nor attend less to non-hostile cues than non-aggressive children. Contrary, aggressive children looked longer at non-hostile cues, but nonetheless attributed more hostile intent than their non-aggressive peers. These findings contradict the traditional bottom-up processing hypotheses that aggressive behavior would be related with failure to attend to non-hostile cues. The findings seem best explained by topdown information processing, where aggressive children’s pre-existing hostile intent schemata (1) direct attention towards schema inconsistent non-hostile cues, (2) prevent further processing and recall of such schema-inconsistent information, and (3) lead to hostile intent attribution and aggressive responding, disregarding the schema-inconsistent non-hostile information.     

In the Eye of the Beholder: Differences Across Ethnicity and Gender in Evaluating Creative Work

Creativity has been proposed as a supplement to ability tests as a way to reduce bias, as a result of the typical lack of ethnic or gender differences. Yet, creativity is usually measured through a consensus of rater judgment. Could there be implicit biases against people of different ethnicities or gender? This study examined stories and poems written by 205 students and rated by 108 different students. Females wrote poems that were judged to be more creative; there were no significant differences by ethnicity across all raters. Among notable findings, European Americans and African Americans both preferred stories written by European Americans. Reasons for this and other findings are discussed.     

As if Eye to Eye with the Insurance Vendor

No abstract available for this article.     

What the Eye Tells the Hand

The information flow necessary to coordinate hand movements with vision is summarized. A series of experiments was performed which quantitatively examined and confirmed the summary. In general, an information-theoretic approach was used. It was confirmed that the speed and accuracy of hand movements are in a reciprocal relationship. The accuracy of a movement is more sensitive to a loss of visual information than the pacing mechanism. Both speed and accuracy are sensitive to withdrawal of information to maintain posture. It is suggested that the retrieval of a movement pre-program is disturbed by afferent “noise.” The contribution of visual information to controlling standing posture, arm and shoulder movement, and wrist movement were investigated.     

眼动仪和眼动实验法的发展历程

0　引言　　眼睛是心灵的窗口 ,透过这个窗口我们可以探究人的许多心理活动的规律。人类的信息加工在很大程度上依赖于视觉 ,来自外界的信息约有 80 %～ 90 %是通过人的眼睛获得的。因此对于“人是如何看事物”的科学研究一直没有间断过。关于这一点 ,对于眼球运动 (以下称眼动 )的研究被认为是视觉信息加工研究中最有效的手段。研究表明眼动的各种模式一直与人的心理变化相关联。近年来 ,一些精密地测量眼动规律的仪器 (以下称眼动仪 )相继问世 ,为心理学的实验研究提供了新的有效的工具。这使心理实验的客观性、科学性又向前迈进了重要的…     

Eye movement and the Pulfrich effect

Thresholds for the identification of test lines were elevated when their orientation matched that of adapting lines. This proved to be true when the adapting field was moving or stationary. These results are discussed in relation to the conception of orientation-specific detectors postulated by Hubel and Wiesel.     

Eye movements blink the attentional blink

When presented with a sequence of visual stimuli in rapid succession, participants often fail to detect a second salient target, a phenomenon referred as the attentional blink (AB; Raymond, Shapiro, & Arnell, 1992; Shapiro, Raymond, & Arnell, 1997). On the basis of a vast corpus of experiments, several cognitive theories suggest that the blink results from a discrete structuring of attention, sampling information from temporal episodes during which several items can access encoding process (Wyble, Bowman, & Nieuwenstein, 2009; Wyble, Potter, Bowman, & Nieuwenstein, 2011). The objective of this work is to explore the AB when multiple items are presented at the fovea during ocular movements. The authors reasoned that each fixation may cohesively form an episode and hence expected that the blink may vanish within a single fixation. In turn, they expected saccades to accentuate episodic borders and hence shorten the regime of interference when 2 targets are presented fovealy in successive fixations. Evidence is provided in favor of this hypothesis, showing that the blink vanishes when both targets are presented in the core of a single fixation (far from the saccadic boundaries) and that it recovers more rapidly in successive fixations. These studies support current views that episodes should have an effect on the AB and provide evidence that eye movements play an important role in the formation of episodes.     

初中生有无插图课文的眼动过程研究

本研究使用美国应用科学实验室(ASL)生产的4200R型眼动仪,采用2×2的二因素混合设计,对30名初中二年级学生阅读有无插图且难易不同的课文的阅读理解指标和眼动指标进行考察,结果表明(1)初中生阅读有无插图课文的成绩、时间和速度等阅读理解指标,插图课文显著优于无图课文,插图对课文的阅读理解整合具有明显地促进作用;而且注视次数和回视次数等眼动指标插图课文亦显著优于无图课文.(2)初中生阅读易课文的成绩、时间和速度等阅读理解指标不仅显著优于难课文,而且注视次数、眼跳距离和回视次数等眼动指标易课文亦显著优于难课文.     

Eye direction aftereffect

Three experiments using computer-generated human figures showed that after a prolonged observation of eyes looking to the left (or right), eyes looking directly toward the viewer appeared directed to the right (or left). Observation of an arrow pointing left or right did not induce this aftereffect on the perceived eye direction. Happy faces produced the aftereffect more effectively than surprised faces, even though the image features of the eyes were identical for both the happy and the surprised faces. These results suggest that the eye direction aftereffect may reflect the adaptation of relatively higher-level mechanisms analyzing the others eye direction.     

In Search of the Defensive Function of Sexual Prejudice: Exploring Antigay Bias Through Shorter and Longer Lead Startle Eye Blink

To explore the theory that some men experience antigay bias because of a defensive reaction to uncertainties surrounding their own sexuality (cf. Herek, 1987 ), we conducted a study (n = 132 men) in which we physiologically measured the affective underpinnings of antigay bias while individuals with different levels of self‐reported bias viewed sexually explicit material. Those higher in antigay bias exhibited less positive affect than did others, but did not appear to experience a defensive reaction. Given these results, combined with those of our previous studies, we conclude that evidence for the existence of a group of men who exhibit antigay bias because of a hidden or unconscious attraction toward men is difficult to demonstrate using current methodology.     

In the Eye of the Beholder: Accounting for Variability in Attitudes and Cognitive/Affective Reactions Toward the Threat of Nuclear War1

The present study was designed to evaluate four characteristics of subjects [i.e., generation (students vs. parents), gender, nuclear threat orientation, and political affiliation] in terms of potential differences in attitudes and cognitive/affective reactions toward the threat of nuclear war. Subjects were 297 college students and their parents (n= 546), who completed a multifaceted questionnaire concerning nuclear-related thoughts, feelings, opinions, and predictions. Multivariate analyses suggested that college students were more distressed than parents about the threat of nuclear war, that men were less anxious than women and more supportive of a “peace through strength” perspective, that individuals endorsing the Disarmist orientation were more worried about nuclear war yet more optimistic than other groups concerning their ability to help reduce the nuclear threat, and that Republicans and Democrats were split along party lines in terms of their attitudes and cognitive/affective responses. Results are discussed with regard to the potential influence of sex-role socialization processes and the importance of optimism in a nuclear world.     

The Apollonian Eye and the Dionysian Ear

A comparison of the aesthetic underpinnings of psychoanalytic praxis is undertaken using Nietzsche's distinction between Apollonian and Dionysian tendencies. Drawing from Nietzsche, Freud, Lacan, Jung, and Stephen Mitchell as well as research and theory from the study of infant–parent interaction, the author offers a clinical case to illustrate a perspective that gives more emphasis to Dionysian forces in psychoanalytic activity than in traditional case reporting, thus illustrating the utility of such an expansion of underlying assumptions for psychoanalytic praxis. The perspective highlights the importance of attention to “faintly conscious stimuli” on nonsymbolized embodied registers of interaction for their significance in the communication of affective meanings.