创伤性截肢的适应证与手术原则探讨

截肢是肢体严重损伤时的一个重要治疗方法,在决定截肢与肢体挽救时受到多方面因素的影响,但在相当程度取决于原发损伤的严重性。目前还没有一个明确的截肢适应证标准,需要一个客观的对肢体估价的方法以明确是否行截肢术,损毁肢体严重程度评分MESS（mangled extremity security score）有较大的临床指导意义。截肢虽是一种破坏性手术,也是一种重建与修复手术,同样遵守矫形外科手术的基本原则。当肢体损伤必须截肢时,要认真周密地设计、仔细地组织处理,在满足治疗的前提下,合理保存肢体长度,最大限度地保留患肢功能,获得较为理想的残肢,以使装配的假肢发挥最佳的功能。严格创伤截肢的标准,掌握截肢的手术原则,了解假肢的安装要求,与患者及家属的积极沟通,进行必要的会诊,是截肢手术医生必须要做到的。     

Gts and interrogative tableaux

A variant of the standard deductive tableau system is introduced, and interrogative rules are added, resulting in a so-called interrogative tableau system. A game-theoretical account of entailment is sketched, and the deductive tableau system is interpreted in these terms. Finally, it is shown how to extend this account of entailment into an account of interrogative entailment, thereby providing a semantics for the interrogative tableau system.     

Sensorimotor representation and knowledge-based reasoning for spatial exploration and localisation

We investigate a hybrid system for autonomous exploration and navigation, and implement it in a virtual mobile agent, which operates in virtual spatial environments. The system is based on several distinguishing properties. The representation is not map-like, but based on sensorimotor features, i.e. on combinations of sensory features and motor actions. The system has a hybrid architecture, which integrates a bottom-up processing of sensorimotor features with a top-down, knowledge-based reasoning strategy. This strategy selects the optimal motor action in each step according to the principle of maximum information gain. Two sensorimotor levels with different behavioural granularity are implemented, a macro-level, which controls the movements of the agent in space, and a micro-level, which controls its eye movements. At each level, the same type of hybrid architecture and the same principle of information gain are used for sensorimotor control. The localisation performance of the system is tested with large sets of virtual rooms containing different mixtures of unique and non-unique objects. The results demonstrate that the system efficiently performs those exploratory motor actions that yield a maximum amount of information about the current environment. Localisation is typically achieved within a few steps. Furthermore, the computational complexity of the underlying computations is limited, and the system is robust with respect to minor variations in the spatial environments.     

对免疫系统非优性的探讨

免疫系统是维持机体自身稳定的一个重要系统。从系统的功能、环境和信息方面阐述免疫系统优与非优的表现和关系;并提出由于免疫系统存在非优信息的特点,科研人员在对免疫系统认识过程中应客观、全面,在认识事物优的同时也应看到事物非优的一面。     

Monitoring running-wheel movement using a serial mouse and an IBM-compatible system

A running-wheel-movement-detection system is described for use with an IBM-compatible system and a serial mouse. It is an adaptation of a system developed for use on a Commodore 64. The IBM-compatible system provides obvious advantages in speed, memory, data storage, and programming ease over the earlier Commodore 64 system.     

Spinners and Chartmoves:

A practical child management procedure is presented which incorporates self-recording, variable schedules of reinforcement, and a practical data collection system. The proposed system has two basic components, chartmoves and spinners. The chart is generally a picture with 30 to 100 dots and functions as a data collection system and indicates when a reinforcer has been programmed. Reinforcers are set up by randomly placing large dots (reinforcer dot), which make up the picture. When a child exhibits an appropriate target behavior, he is allowed to connect two dots on the picture. Each dot is covered with a scratch off ink; if the last dot connected is large the child receives a reinforcer. Chartmoves (connection of dots) are dated and initialed by the teacher allowing a record of progress to be kept with little effort by the teacher or parent. The second component to the system is the spinner. The spinner is an unevenly divided circle (generally five sections) with each section containing a reinforcer, plus an arrow, which the child spins to indicate which reinforcer he will receive. The combined system both the chart and spinner represents two variable schedules of reinforcement (the random reinforcement dots and the spinner), the child self-records the data on the chart, and the random aspect of the spinner reduces reinforcement satiation. This system has been used successfully with elementary ages children in the classroom, in the home as a contingency management program, and as a home and school program in which school behaviors are consequated in the home with the system.     

A real-time control system for CAI and prothesis

An integrated hardware and software system was used for the real-time control of text display in a CAI environment. Reliability and cost considerations led to the development of a digital EOG transducer, which was used in conjunction with a KIM-1 microcomputer. This paper traces the development of that system from a complex and expensive PDP-11-based system to a microcomputer firmware approach. Such a system could, in real time, accomplish a similar display task for severely handicapped nonvocal individuals.     

Verbal working memory and sentence comprehension

This target article discusses the verbal working memory system used in sentence comprehension. We review the concept of working memory as a short-duration system in which small amounts of information are simultaneously stored and manipulated in the service of accomplishing a task. We summarize the argument that syntactic processing in sentence comprehension requires such a storage and computational system. We then ask whether the working memory system used in syntactic processing is the same as that used in verbally mediated tasks that involve conscious controlled processing. Evidence is brought to bear from various sources: the relationship between individual differences in working memory and individual differences in the efficiency of syntactic processing; the effect of concurrent verbal memory load on syntactic processing; and syntactic processing in patients with poor short-term memory, patients with poor working memory, and patients with aphasia. Experimental results from these normal subjects and patients with various brain lesions converge on the conclusion that there is a specialization in the verbal working memory system for assigning the syntactic structure of a sentence and using that structure in determining sentence meaning that is separate from the working memory system underlying the use of sentence meaning to accomplish other functions. We present a theory of the divisions of the verbal working memory system and suggestions regarding its neural basis.     

Memory systems and the control of skilled action

ABSTRACT

In keeping with the dominant view that skills are largely automatic, the standard view of memory systems distinguishes between a representational declarative system associated with cognitive processes and a performance-based procedural system. The procedural system is thought to be largely responsible for the performance of well-learned skilled actions. Here we argue that most skills do not fully automate, which entails that the declarative system should make a substantial contribution to skilled performance. To support this view, we review evidence showing that the declarative system does indeed play a number of roles in skilled action.     

构建医务工作者的诚信体系

医务工作者的诚信体系建设是被全社会普遍关注的一个热点问题。医务工作者的诚信体系应包括几个方面:经济基础是诚信体系的前提和保障;法律规范作为他律控制着医务工作者的诚信;良好的道德环境是构建医务工作者诚信体系的主要手段;个体素质即道德良心是提高医务工作者诚信水平的内在诉求;医疗制度是医务工作者诚信的重要保障。     

对角线元素与不同复杂度的系统的关系

<正>对角线方法是指德国学者康托尔 ( G. Cantor) 在证明实数集不可数时所运用的一种技术方法。在这种意义上,康托尔的实数集不可数论本身便是对角线方法的一种重要运用。此外,对角线方法还有两种重要运用,即哥德尔对角线定理和汤姆逊引理的证明。哥德尔对角线定理又叫 "哥德尔自指定     

Dynamic and stochastic systems as a framework for metaphysics and the philosophy of science

Synthese - Scientists often think of the world (or some part of it) as a dynamical system, a stochastic process, or a generalization of such a system. Prominent examples of systems are (i) the...     

Multivariate statistics and three-dimensional graphics

This paper describes the process by which a system of three-dimensional computer-generated graphics was developed for use by students and researchers in analyzing multivariate psychological data. Examples of the application and use of the system in analyzing factor analytic and discriminant analysis data are presented. Details on the operation of the system are also included.     

行政秩序与公正目标追求中的伦理之思

伦理秩序与社会公正作为行政伦理的基本问题与追求的目标,是贯穿于行政伦理体系的重要范畴,但二者又存在着矛盾的关系,行政主体重视秩序,行政客体关注公正,而一个社会良好秩序的实现,总需要社会公正作为它的基础与支撑,这意味着政府只依靠强制性的法律秩序供给是不够的,它还必须提供具有正义的道德秩序供给,如果自身行为不正义又不能制止社会不正义,就会形成正义的脆弱性局面,从而导致政府统治的合法性危机。     

Hardware and software evolution of an adaptive ability measurement system

A software system for the administration of six different strategies of adaptive ability tests in a variety of formats was developed both on a large-scale time-sharing system and on a real-time minicomputer system. Factors influencing both hardware selection and software design are discussed.     

Necessity and Relative Contingency

The paper introduces a contingential language extended with a propositional constant τ axiomatized in a system named KΔτ , which receives a semantical analysis via relational models. A definition of the necessity operator in terms of Δ and τ allows proving (i) that KΔτ is equivalent to a modal system named K□τ (ii) that both KΔτ and K□τ are tableau-decidable and complete with respect to the defined relational semantics (iii) that the modal τ -free fragment of KΔτ is exactly the deontic system KD. In §4 it is proved that the modal τ -free fragment of a system KΔτw weaker than KΔτ is exactly the minimal normal system K. Presented by Daniele Mundici     

Incorporation and adaptation of the postmodern belief system

Every society develops a particular system of beliefs that summarizes its vision of socio-political organization, culture and interpersonal relationships. Each of these three basic dimensions has different forms, depending on the spatial and temporal context of societies. The belief system of the service societies is characterized by a democratic vision of social and political organization, rejection of radical social changes and high levels of interpersonal trust. This paper empirically examines the incorporation and adaptation of the postmodern belief system in a sample of university students. The participants belong to a country that is slowly integrating into the service societies. We used a scale of postmodernity to analyze the incorporation of the postmodern belief system. The results indicate that there is a peculiar combination of the three basic dimensions of the postmodern belief system, where the postmodern conceptions of culture and social relationships have lower acceptance.     

Object alternation and orbitofrontal system dysfunction in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease

Previous performance on measures of frontal system function have suggested prominent orbitofrontal system damage in Alzheimer's disease, but not in Parkinson's dementia. Object alternation (OA), a task sensitive to orbitofrontal system dysfunction in non-human animals, was therefore administered to determine whether this measure would distinguish Alzheimer's from Parkinson's dementia. OA was significantly impaired in Alzheimer's disease compared to Parkinson's dementia, even though both groups were equated for severity of dementia. Although the patients with Parkinson's dementia also showed impairment on OA compared to normals, an error analysis revealed that the performance of the Alzheimer's patients, but not the Parkinson's patients, was characterized by abnormal response perseveration. The marked perseverative deficit in Alzheimer's disease may reflect orbitofrontal system dysfunction whereas the milder, and qualitatively different, deficits in Parkinson's disease may reflect dorsolateral frontal system involvement.