超模态逻辑K[T_nK]和K[TK_n](英文)

本文的工作是在D.M.Gabbay的一篇论文《超模态逻辑理论:在模态逻辑中的模转换》基础上所做的,主要是将他的两类满足关系扩充到n+1种满足关系,然后在此基础上得到两类一般性的逻辑类K[T_nK]和K[TK_n],其中n≥1。我们得到了一些更为一般性的结论:（1）逻辑类K[T_nK]的定理模式是:对任意n≥1,□^j+（n+1）kp→□^i+（n+1）kp,其中0≤in]的定理模式是:□^1+（n+1）kp→□^（n+1）kp,其中b≥1。不过,□^j+（n+1）kp→□^i+（n+1）kp,其中0≤in]的定理模式,因此,（3）每一个逻辑K[T_nK]都是相应的逻辑K[TK_n]的真扩张,其中n≥1;（4）必然化规则在两类逻辑K[T_nK]和K[TK_n]中都不成立,但是,这样的规则成立,即如果A分别是两类逻辑K[T_nK]和K[TK_n]的定理,那么对于任意n≥1,□ⁿ⁺¹A也分别是逻辑类K[T_nK]和K[TK_n]的定理;（5）等值替换规则在逻辑类K[T_nK]和K[TK_n]下都不封闭;此外,（6）我们将D.M.Gabbay的从超模态逻辑到正规模态逻辑K的两类翻译τ₀和τ₁扩充到n+1类翻译τ₀,τ₁,…,τ_n。在超模态逻辑K[T_nK]和K[TK_n]与正规模态逻辑K之间,我们找到了点模型满足对应理论,即对任意的超模态逻辑公式α,在某个世界ω上为真,当且仅当,在正规模态逻辑K中τ_i（α）在世界ω上也为真。其中τ_i（α）是公式α从超模态逻辑到正规模态逻辑K的翻译。     

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Conferences

      

The Bureaucratization of Spirituality[1]

This paper examines some of the critical contexts within which spiritual, moral, social and cultural education is to be realized. First, I examine the nature of school as a modernist bureaucratic institution. I argue that schools are bound in a self‐referential reality and barely connect with the late modem world. I then discuss the cultural sources of education policy and particularly the employment of nostalgia as a legitimation for neo‐conservative policy and practice. I then discuss school knowledge and in particular the end of liberalism and its replacement with rationalism. I next turn to spiritual, moral and social education and critically discuss its cultural and political formation. Finally, I argue that school is unable to accommodate the spiritual dimension and that critical to its successful inclusion is the re‐establishment of teachers as knowledgeable professionals with their practice grounded in the contemporary world and the real conditions of pupils' lives.

     

Limits on the limitations of context-conditioned effects in the perception of [b] and [w]

We investigated the conditions under which the [b]-[w] contrast is processed in a contextdependent manner, specifically in relation to syllable duration. In an earlier paper, Miller and Liberman (1979) demonstrated that when listeners use transition duration to differentiate [b] from [w], they treat it in relation to the duration of the syllable: As syllables from a [ba]-[wa] series varying in transition duration become longer, so, too, does the transition duration at the [b]-[w] perceptual boundary. In a subsequent paper, Shinn, Blumstein, and Jongman (1985) questioned the generality of this finding by showing that the effect of syllable duration is eliminated for [ba]-[wa] stimuli that are less schematicthan those used by Miller and Liberman. In the present investigation, we demonstrated that when these “more natural” stimuli are presented in a multitalker babble noise instead of in quiet (as was done by Shinn et al.), the syllable-duration effect emerges. Our findings suggest that the syllable-duration effect in particular, and context effects in general, may play a more important role in speech perception than Shinn et al. suggested.     

Self-defence and National Defence [1]

ABSTRACT The paper begins with the suggestion that the aura of respectability that surrounds the notion of self-defence may render that notion suitable as a rallying point for agreement on the ethical legitimacy of warfare. I first argue that self-defensive killing by a person X is morally justified if three conditions obtain: (1) X is together with at least one other person in a situation in which one of the persons will be killed through actions of the other person(s); (2) X is not responsible for bringing about that situation; (3) unless X kills another person, X him- or herself will be killed. Next, I show that on the basis of this principle military operations are morally justified only if there are no alternatives to executing them that would save more lives or prevent the total loss of freedom for people. The paper concludes with the observation that the morality of individual self-defensive killing is unable to justify most of current national defence policies.     

What's [Not] New in Trinitarian Theology

The Christian Doctrine of God: One Being Three Persons , Thomas F. Torrance, T. & T. Clark
The Father's Spirit of Sonship: Reconceiving the Trinity , Thomas G. Weinandy, T. & T. Clark
Trinitarian Theology Today: Essays on Divine Being and Act , Christoph Schwöbel (ed.), T. & T. Clark