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Concepción Fernández-Villanueva Juan Carlos Revilla-Castro Roberto Domínguez-Bilbao Leonor Gimeno-Jiménez Andrés Almagro 《Sex roles》2009,61(1-2):85-100
Gender differences in the representation of aggressors and victims are an important issue in the study of television violence in order to ascertain whether television contributes (and how) to reproduce or transform the traditional gender regime. Eighty-four hours of Spanish main TV broadcasting stations were randomly recorded during years 2000 and 2005. Variables related to the presentation of aggressors and victims and to the normative context of aggression were selected through content analysis. The results show the minimal presence of women in violent scenes. But women are also the victims of more serious violence. Paradoxically, women’s aggressions appear to have more positive consequences and to be less legitimized. The implications of these findings are discussed from a gender studies perspective. 相似文献
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Ivor A. Stodolsky 《Studies in East European Thought》2011,63(2):135-145
This article describes a logic of distinction and succession within the late-twentieth-century Leningrad-St. Petersburg cultural field, whereby consecutive intelligentsia mainstreams were replaced by their avant-garde peripheries. In this dynamic picture of socio-cultural transformations, I propose a working hypothesis of a repeated stratification of the field into an ??official??, an ??unofficial??, and a third ??non-aligned?? intelligentsia. This hypothesis is tested in reference to the ??non-aligned?? groups founded by the avant-garde artist and ideologue Timur Novikov (1958?C2002). Three major shifts are described: from the politicized late-Brezhnevite early 1980s to the apolitical radicalism of Novikov??s New Artists; from this anarchistic underground, through the perestroika era, to the playful ??classicism?? of the New Academy of Fine Arts in the 1990s; and from this postmodern international orientation to an arch-reactionary, neo-imperial posturing at the turn of the 2000s. Lastly, this ??non-aligned?? intelligentsia is suggested as a possible precedent, or, indeed, a model for understanding other historically significant avant-garde peripheries, which commonly seek to distinguish themselves from (often mutually-exclusive) centres. 相似文献
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Research on noun–noun combinations has been largely focusing on concrete concepts. Three experiments examined the role of concept abstractness in the representation of noun–noun combinations. In Experiment 1, participants provided written interpretations for phrases constituted by nouns of varying degrees of abstractness. Interpretive focus (the modifier, the head noun, or both) for each noun–noun phrase was evaluated. In Experiment 2, a different group of participants directly indicated which noun, the modifier or the head noun, was the focus of the meaning of each noun–noun phrase. Finally, participants in Experiment 3 assessed similarity of noun–noun phrases with overlapping modifiers. If abstractness of constituent nouns affects information distribution between modifier and head noun, it would accordingly affect similarity ratings for noun–noun phrases with overlapping modifiers. Results showed that the pattern of information distribution within a noun–noun phrase differed between phrases with abstract head nouns and phrases with concrete head nouns. Specifically, the center of representation was more on the head noun side for phrases with concrete head nouns, whereas the center seemed to shift to the direction of the modifier for phrases with abstract head nouns. Some issues related to effects of concept abstractness on noun–noun combinations are discussed. 相似文献
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Zushe Yuan 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2011,6(1):134-144
Culture has always led a “problematic existence.” As a result, the diagnosis and treatment of various cultural diseases continue
to depend on the embarrassing double identity of culture as both patient and doctor, hence making it difficult for culture
to explore its own obscure recesses. The question of whether culture is autonomous and can be itself in its own way should
therefore be considered theoretically. Since culture is closely associated with civilization, real culture must be generated
from the florescence of a civilization based on a logic of human integrity within a certain historical period of time. In
order to illuminate and adhere to this cultural attribute, some “cultural truths” must be made clear by establishing and maintaining
public order and good customs from a properly lofty spiritual view. We must prudently and critically inquire after the ideological
promise of culture regarding reasonable existence and the evolution of humans, and present an ideal prophecy in line with
the human demand for a good life so as to assure culture’s healthy, benign, and sustainable advancement and stable performance
of its function of molding graceful, noble, and tasteful means of life. 相似文献
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S. Oyama’s prominent account of the Parity Thesis states that one cannot distinguish in a meaningful way between nature-based
(i.e. gene-based) and nurture-based (i.e. environment-based) characteristics in development because the information necessary
for the resulting characteristics is contained at both levels. Oyama as well as P. E. Griffiths and K. Stotz argue that the
Parity Thesis has far-reaching implications for developmental psychology in that both nativist and interactionist developmental
accounts of psychological capacities that presuppose a substantial nature/nurture dichotomy are inadequate. We argue that
well-motivated abandoning of the nature/nurture dichotomy, as advocated in converging versions of the Parity Thesis in biology,
does not necessarily entail abandoning the distinction between biologically given abilities necessary for the development
of higher psychological capacities and the learning process they enable. Thus, contrary to the claims of the aforementioned
authors, developmental psychologists need not discard a substantial distinction between innate (biologically given) characteristics
and those acquired by learning, even if they accept the Parity Thesis. We suggest a two-stage account of development: the
first stage is maturational and involves interaction of genetic, epigenetic and environmental causes, resulting in the endogenous
biological ‘machinery’ (e.g. language acquisition device), responsible for learning in the subsequent stage of the developmental
process by determining the organism’s responses to the environment. This account retains the crux of nativism (the endogenous
biological structure determines the way the organism learns/responds to an environment) whilst adopting the developmentalist
view of biology by characterizing environments as distinctly different in terms of structure and function in two developmental
stages. 相似文献
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Jonathan Intravia Kevin T. Wolff Benjamin R. Gibbs Alex R. Piquero 《Deviant behavior》2017,38(9):957-974
Drawing on Elijah Anderson’s (1999) Code of the Street thesis, this study assesses the generalizability of street code attitudes. Using a sample of college students from a large Midwest university, the current study contributes to the literature by examining: (1) the generalizability of street code attitudes; (2) the correlates of street code attitudes, including various forms of strain; and (3) the predictive power of street code attitudes on criminal and non-criminal behavior. Our results reveal that street code attitudes are generalizable to college students, strain constructs are important correlates of street code attitudes, and street code attitudes are associated with criminal behavior. However, the effect of street code attitudes on criminal behavior becomes non-significant once measures of strain are included. Further, street code attitudes do not predict non-criminal behavior. 相似文献
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Small DM Simons AD Yovanoff P Silva SG Lewis CC Murakami JL March J 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(7):1015-1028
Patterns and correlates of comorbidity, as well as differences in manifest depressive profiles were investigated in a sample
of depressed adolescents. A sub-sample of the youth were characterized as belonging to either a Pure depression group, an Internalizing group (depression and co-occurring internalizing disorders), or an Externalizing group (depression and co-occurring externalizing disorders). Item response theory (IRT) and differential item functioning
(DIF) were used to assess whether the depressed adolescents from the different comorbidity groups presented with different
depressive symptoms. Results indicated that the comorbidity groups were meaningfully distinct in terms of psychosocial correlates
as well as showed differences in depressive symptom profiles as informed by DIF analyses. In particular, the comorbidity groups
differed in terms of presentation of psychomotor changes and cognitive impairments. Implications for assessment are discussed.
相似文献
David Marc SmallEmail: |
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Hermann Schmitz Rudolf Owen M��llan Jan Slaby 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2011,10(2):241-259
The following text is the first ever translation into English of a writing by German phenomenologist Hermann Schmitz (*1928).
In it, Schmitz outlines and defends a non-mentalistic view of emotions as phenomena in interpersonal space in conjunction
with a theory of the felt body’s constitutive involvement in human experience. In the first part of the text, Schmitz gives
an overview covering some central pieces of his theory as developed, for the most part, in his massive System of Philosophy, published in German in a series of volumes between 1964 and 1980. Schmitz’s System is centred on the claim that the contemporary view of the human subject is the result of a consequential historical process:
A reductionist and ‘introjectionist’ objectification of lived experience culminating in the ‘invention’ of the mind (or ‘soul’)
as a private, inner realm of subjective experience and in a corresponding ‘grinding down’ of the world of lived experienced
to a meagre, value-neutral ‘objective reality’. To counter this intellectualist trend, Schmitz puts to use his approach to
phenomenology with the aim of regaining a sensibility for the nuanced realities of lived experience—hoping to make up for
what was lost during the development of Western intellectual culture. Since both this text and the overall style of Schmitz’s
philosophising are in several ways unusual for a contemporary readership, a brief introduction is provided by philosophers
Jan Slaby and Rudolf Owen Müllan, the latter of whom translated Schmitz’s text into English. The introduction emphasises aspects
of Schmitz’s philosophy that are likely to be of relevance to contemporary scholars of phenomenological philosophy and to
its potential applications in science and society. 相似文献
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Xize Deng 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2011,6(4):609-627
The goal of “(modern) Chinese Philosophy” established during the period of the May 4th Movement is to reestablish the meaning
of life for Chinese people. However, because it takes the approach of interpreting Chinese thinking through a Western lens,
thus forming a discourse pattern of “Chinese A is Western B,” which is only capable of manifesting Western culture, “Chinese
Philosophy” is made logically impossible as the ideological source from which modern Chinese thinkers could construct the
meaning of life. The ideological source of the still lasting traditional lifestyle is Yili Xue 义理学 (The Learning of Righteousness and Principles); whereas that of modern life, which was established as an imitation of
the West, is Western culture. Neither of them takes “Chinese Philosophy” as its ideological source. Therefore, “Chinese Philosophy”
is excluded from the construction of the meaning of life, and falls into the dilemma of life meaning. 相似文献
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Research on biased information seeking demonstrates that after decisions, people show a preference for supporting rather than conflicting information (confirmation bias). In a laboratory study (N?=?86 German undergraduates), we examined the interactive effects of different decision types and gender on the confirmation bias. Our study revealed that women showed less confirmation bias when the decision concerned themselves and their mate (interdependent decision) compared to a decision concerning only themselves (independent decision). In contrast, men showed less confirmation bias when they made an independent compared to an interdependent decision. Results were discussed in terms of self-construal differences between men and women leading to different motivations (defense vs. accuracy) during the information seeking depending on the decision type. 相似文献
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Jonathan Y. Tsou 《国际科学哲学研究》2007,21(3):329-344
This paper examines Ian Hacking’s analysis of the looping effects of psychiatric classifications, focusing on his recent account of interactive and indifferent kinds. After explicating Hacking’s distinction between ‘interactive kinds’ (human kinds) and ‘indifferent kinds’ (natural kinds), I argue that Hacking cannot claim that there are ‘interactive and indifferent kinds,’ given the way that he introduces the interactive‐indifferent distinction. Hacking is also ambiguous on whether his notion of interactive and indifferent kinds is supposed to offer an account of classifications or objects of classification. I argue that these conceptual difficulties show that Hacking’s account of interactive and indifferent kinds cannot be based on—and should be clearly separated from—his distinction between interactive kinds and indifferent kinds. In clarifying Hacking’s account, I argue that interactive and indifferent kinds should be regarded as objects of classification (i.e., kinds of people) that can be identified with reference to a law‐like biological regularity and are aware of how they are classified. Schizophrenia and depression are discussed as examples. I subsequently offer reasons for resisting Hacking’s claim that the objects of classification in the human sciences—as a result of looping effects—are ‘moving targets’. 相似文献
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Maria von Salisch Jens Vogelgesang Astrid Kristen Caroline Oppl 《Media Psychology》2013,16(3):233-258
A one-year longitudinal study with 324 German third and fourth graders was conducted in order to find out whether a preference for violent electronic games socializes children to become more aggressive or whether aggressive individuals tend to select this type of game. Cross-lagged panel analyses suggest that children who were rated as openly aggressive at Time 1 intensified their preference for violent electronic games over time. We determined that it could be ruled out that this selection effect was due to a number of underlying variables ranging from ecological variables (neighborhood) to family variables (migration status, older brother) and child variables (gender, self-esteem, level of achievement). Discussion focuses on the emerging preference for violent electronic games among children. 相似文献
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Zhongjiang Wang 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2011,6(4):565-584
Yin Haiguang’s investigation and pursuit of the idea of “Man” reflect not merely a limited historical or parochial academic
interest, but indeed address an ultimate concern of humanity which transcends any spatio-temporal limitations. In criticizing
“modern man” for its faceless and non-self-identical figure, Yin Haiguang brings the conditions, purposes and noble values
of humanity to light. His work has extraordinary significance for the highest aims of humanity and civilization. 相似文献
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This essay is an attempt to sketch out two contrasting notions of freedom in the Zhuangzi and the Xunzi. I argue that to understand the classical Chinese formulations of freedom we should look at the concept of hua 化 (transformation or to transform). It is a kind of freedom that highlights the moral and/or spiritual transformation of
the self and its entailments on the connection between the self and various domains of relationality. The Zhuangzian hua is the transformation of the self in such a way that the self becomes supremely attuned to the complexity of the world and
can thus navigate various domains of relationality with extraordinary grace, ease, and efficacy. The Xunzian hua is the transformation of the self so that the self can extend its relationality to include the entire world and transform
it from a raw and uncouth world to a civilized one through ritual practices. 相似文献
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This paper describes a short-term longitudinal study of the relation between violent victimization in the community and peer rejection among 199 children (mean age = 9.02 years) attending two urban Los Angeles area elementary schools. We used a multi-informant approach to assess victimization by community violence, peer group victimization, peer rejection, and impairments in emotion regulation. These data were collected annually for two consecutive school years. Violent victimization in the community predicted later peer rejection after accounting for the effects of initial levels of peer rejection. Analyses indicated that this relation was mediated by deficient emotion regulation skills. In addition, we found evidence that victimization by community violence and peer rejection are reciprocally related over time. The developmental implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
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James Laurence 《Deviant behavior》2015,36(12):974-995
Research into how structural disadvantage affects violent crime among racial groups has produced mixed results. In the United States, however, black and white community-level disadvantage distributions only partially overlap, precluding critical tests of the “racial invariance” hypothesis. We examine the relationship between race, violent crime, and disadvantage in the United Kingdom, where disadvantage distributions for race-groups have greater comparability. Using London borough-level data, we observe racial-invariance at comparably low/high disadvantage. However, at extreme disadvantage the effect increases significantly for black communities but not white or South Asian. This conflicts with studies demonstrating either racial invariance or weaker effects among blacks. 相似文献