Frege: two theses,two senses

One particular topic in the literature on Frege's conception of sense relates to two apparently contradictory theses held by Frege: the isomorphism of thought and language on one hand and the expressibility of a thought by different sentences on the other. I will divide the paper into five sections. In (1) I introduce the problem of the tension in Frege's thought. In (2) I discuss the main attempts to resolve the conflict between Frege's two contradictory claims, showing what is wrong with some of them. In (3), I analyse where, in Frege'ps writings and discussions on sense identity, one can find grounds for two different conceptions of sense. In (4) I show how the two contradictory theses held by Frege are connected with different concerns, compelling Frege to a constant oscillation in terminology. In (5) I summarize two further reasons that prevented Frege from making the distinction between two conceptions of sense clear: (i) the antipsychologism problem and (ii) the overlap of traditions in German literature contemporary to Frege about the concept of value. I conclude with a hint for a reconstruction of the Fregean notion of ‘thought’ which resolves the contradiction between his two theses.     

Hierarchical switching with two types of judgment and two stimulus dimensions

A number of recent studies have shown that shifting among four tasks that result from a factorial combination of two types of judgment with two judgment-to-response mappings results in a characteristics pattern of shift costs that indicates a hierarchical representation of the two task features judgment and mapping (e.g., Kleinsorge & Heuer, 1999). In the present study, two types of judgment were combined with two stimulus dimensions. With this task combination, the same basic shift-cost pattern was observed. This suggests that a combination of two types of judgment with two stimulus dimensions also results in a hierarchically structured task representation, indicating that such a task representation is readily adopted by participants when the combination of task features is suitable for a hierarchical organization.     

The role of two emotion regulation tendencies across two waiting periods

Motivation and Emotion - The distress associated with uncertainty differs in important ways from distress over clear and present stressors. Emotion regulation (ER) tendencies—namely...     

Effects of two tasks and two levels of difficulty upon surface electrogastrograms

The effects of differentiation, novelty, and difficulty of ability tasks upon electrogastrographic activity of healthy subjects during digestion were investigated. Electrical recording of activity of the stomach by means of surface electrodes was performed in 40 healthy volunteers before and after easy or hard tasks. 20 subjects had to complete puzzles; the others had mental arithmetic. Both groups were matched in terms of scores on easy and difficult tasks. Baseline recordings were performed before each trial. The number of waves with peak amplitude greater than 100 mu v on electrogastrographic recording during each time span was measured, using a visual analysis. There was a significant decrease in number of waves/min, during task performance. A more pronounced decrease was produced by subjects working on puzzles than those working on mental calculation and by subjects working on easy tasks than those working on difficult tasks when the easy preceded the difficult ones. A larger decrease was obtained when the tasks of comparable difficulty were performed first. Emotional correlates such as anger and irritability were suggested to play a role in the interpretation of results.     

Marriages of two clergy-persons

Defines a clergy couple as a married couple, each person ordained or licensed, and each employed by the church. Gives current statistics on the number of clergy couples in eleven denominations. Decribes how it works in practice in a variety of arrangements. Lists the advantages for a congregation and for the couple. Describes some problem areas for some couples. Lists some characteristics of a successful clergy couple ministry. Asserts that clergy couples are a growing phenomenon and concludes that it is a legitimate, viable option for ministry.Editor's Note: This article, as submitted, carried the title Clergy Couples. This term, as the readers soon will discover, is used to describe what I, and others, have described as two-clergy couples, or two-clergy marriages. The term clergy couple has been widely used in the past (since at least 1951) to describe any marriage involving a clergy member, and it is so used in four of the five articles in this issue.I am aware that in 1978 the Ohio Consultation for two-clergy couples firmly claimed the title clergy couple with the intent of changing the earlier usage. Only the future will determine which usage will ultimately win general acceptance.In order to avoid confusion, however, I decided to change the title of this article; but within the article itself, the original terminology of the authors remains unchanged.Ralph L. Detrick has shared employment, parenting and homemaking with his wife, Mary, for the last seven years. Both are employed by the Church of the Brethren with responsibilities for Life Cycle Ministry, Youth/Young Adult Ministry and Person Awareness in Elgin, Illinois.     

Comparisons of two measures of free-operant avoidance under two conditions of response feedback

Lever-pressing responses of 6 rats were studied under a free-operant avoidance procedure, in 6 two-hour sessions. Three of the subjects were given an added visual feedback for each response; they avoided shocks more effectively than the subjects without the feedback. Two different measures of overall performance in free-operant avoidance were applied to the results of the experiment. There was little difference between the measures: both reflected the subjects' performance equally well. Relative merits of the measures and the criteria for selecting one of them were discussed.     

The two cultures

Anhand von zwei Unterbereichen der künstlichen Intelligenz — den Expertensystemen und der wissenschaftlichen Entdeckung — wird aufzuzeigen versucht, daß die Beziehung zwischen der formalen und der intuitiven Kultur aus dem Gleichgewicht geraten ist. Dem Bereich der Intuition sollte größere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden.

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This article is based on a presentation given on a symposium The Art of Science, in Amsterdam, Amolf, 27 May 1987. It was organized to celebrate the 65th birthday of Prof. J. o.     

Tracking two pleasures

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review - Can people track several pleasures? In everyday life, pleasing stimuli rarely appear in isolation. Yet, experiments on aesthetic pleasure usually present only...     

The two strangers

Therefore remember that at one time you were Gentiles in the flesh, called the uncircumcision by what is called the circumcision, which is made in the flesh by hands—remember that you were at that time separated from Christ, alienated from the commonwealth of Israel, and strangers to the covenants of promise, having no hope and without God in the world. But now in Christ Jesus you who once were far off have been brought near in the blood of Christ. For he is our peace, who has made us both one, and has broken down the dividing wall of hostility, by abolishing in his flesh that law of commandments and ordinances, that he might create in himself one new man in place of the two, so making peace, and might reconcile us both to God in one body through the cross, thereby bringing the hostility to an end. And he came and preached peace to you who were far off and peace to those who were near; for through him we both have access in one Spirit to the Father. So then you are no longer strangers and sojourners, but you are fellow citizens with the saints and members of the household of God, built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Christ Jesus himself being the chief cornerstone, in whom the whole structure is joined together and grows into a holy temple in the Lord; in whom you are also built into it for a dwelling place of God in the Spirit. Ephesians 2:11–22     

The two paradigms of persistence

Persistence refers to the extent to which an individual pursues reinforcement that is no longer available. The most common generalization regarding persistence is the partial reinforcement extinction effect, which states that partial, rather than continuous, reinforcement creates the greatest level of persistence. Although the partial reinforcement effect is the most common effect in humans, exceptions exist, namely the generalized and the reversed partial reinforcement effect. Since the 1930s, psychologists have used 2 general paradigms for studying persistence in humans: the experimental paradigm and the cognitive/individual differences paradigm. For the experimental paradigm, the primary independent variable is the schedule of reinforcement used to establish the behavior prior to the removal of reinforcement. Explanations of persistence from the experimental perspective depend on associative principles derived from various theories of learning. By contrast, the cognitive/individual differences paradigm treats persistence as a function of trait variables, including locus of control and self-esteem, or general cognitive processes, such as cognitive dissonance or social cognition. In this article, the author reviews the status of the current literature on persistence and recommends directions for future research.     

The two hermeneutics of psychotherapy

The American Journal of Psychoanalysis -     

Adaptive regression of two types

Adaptive regression is considered to be of two types: a relatively uncommunicable private type and a relatively communicable public type. Private adaptive regression was operationalized by hypnotic suggestibility and by a questionnaire. Public adaptive regression was operationalized by two measures of esthetic sensitivity. It was hypothesized that the psychodynamics of the two types are as follows: Hypothesis 1: Private adaptive regression involves engaging in primary process because of secondary process motivation. Hypothesis 2: Public adaptive regression involves engaging in primary process because of secondary process motivation. Hypothesis 3: Public adaptive regression involves secondary process shaping of primary process to a greater extent than does private adaptive regression. Measures of engaging in primary process were derived from inkblot responses. Hypotheses 1 and 3 were supported: Hypothesis 2 was not.     

The two sides of perception

by Richard B. Ivry and Lynn C. Robertson, MIT Press, 1998. $55.00 (315 pages) ISBN 0 262 09034 1.     

Conditioning two types of enuretics

Acquired enuretics (children who resume wetting after a period of dryness) have been distinguished from persistent enuretics (children who were never dry) in that the wetting of the former has been viewed as symptomatic of conflict and not modifiable by conditioning procedures. The present study compares these two types on measures of conditioning outcome and effectiveness, initial pathology and post-treatment adjustment.