墨家逻辑推理模式的新解释

墨家是先秦诸多学派之一,墨家逻辑也是中国古代本土逻辑思想的典范之一。墨子及其后学创立了中国思想史上第一个＂以名举实,以辞舒意,以说出故＂的墨家逻辑体系,成为中国古代逻辑思想发展的优秀代表。墨家逻辑的主要推理模式包括：＂辟＂、＂侔＂、＂援＂、＂推＂等。墨家逻辑思想的研究开启了中国逻辑思想研究的先河,墨家逻辑思想研究是中国逻辑思想研究的核心内容之一。国际逻辑学界对作为非印—欧语言系统的中国逻辑的关注,显示了中国逻辑独立存在的价值。今天的中国逻辑思想研究处于现代逻辑发展与中国现代文化发展的交汇点上,需要我们从逻辑和中国文化的角度来研究中国逻辑思想。用逻辑的一般特性来分析墨家逻辑,依据工具性、形式性和有效性这三个方面,是解释墨家逻辑的一个新角度。     

另一种声音：现代新儒学与中国人文主义心理学

与西方心理学以科学主义为主体的“由下至上”的研究思路不同,中国传统心理学探究走的是“由上至下”的研究路线,即从心理及精神层面最高端入手,强调心理的道德与理性层面,故其实质是人文主义的。现代新儒学作为人文主义心理学研究典范,具有心理学研究“另一种声音”的独特价值与意义。现代新儒学研究背景及思路的展开,呈现出以传统心理学思想为深厚根基的中国近代心理学的独特个性与自信。这是现代新儒学对中国心理学的最大贡献     

道德的形上学与本体诠释学比较研究

相承先秦儒学与宋明新儒学的发展,现代新儒家以谋求“儒学之第三期发展”而自任。由于儒学之第三期发展或曰现代新儒学是在儒家传统经过西方现代文明的冲击而陷入“儒门淡薄,收拾不住”的零落困境之后兴起的,如何既保守儒家传统而又使之与现代社会相衔接就成为儒学之现代复兴所面对的时代课题。如所周知,儒家传统素重道德理性或曰德性精神,而现代社会则以理智理性的发达为其基本特征。因此,儒学第三期发展的时代课题就进而落实为德性精神与理智理性的联结问题。对此,现代新儒家有着明确的理论自觉。第二代新儒家的重牟宗主将现代新儒家的思想纲领概括为“内圣开出新外王”,堪称是代表了现代新儒家的基本共识。这里所谓“内圣”就是儒家所素重的心性之学,而“外王”则是指以民主和科学为代表的现代文明。由于儒家传统的心性之学鲜明地保持了德性优位性,而民主与科学则均是现代理性主义生活实体的产物,显然,“内圣开出新外王”实际上所论的正是德性精神与理智理性的联结问题。     

现代场景下的传统儒学——论马一浮的伦理思想

现代新儒学有两个层面:一个是历史时间意义上的,虽然发生在现代的场景下,但基本内容是传统儒学或经学的;一个是学术内容意义上的,认识到传统儒学的缺陷和西学的合理性,并致力于儒学自身的现代化尝试。马一浮的道德学说虽然出现在中国现代的文化背景下,但就其内容而言是走回了传统儒学,未能涉及儒家伦理价值观念的现代转换问题,应当属于历史时间意义上的现代新儒家学说。本文系统探讨了马一浮伦理思想的基本内容,并对其做出了合理的价值评判。     

现代新儒家对中国哲学话语体系的传承与创新

构建中国哲学的现代话语体系是现代中国哲学发展的重要内容,是中国哲学应对自近代以来的哲学失语症的必然要求。面对西方文化的强势入侵和国内激烈的反传统风潮,现代新儒家产生了为中国哲学争夺话语权的强烈自觉,他们通过向西方世界发表集体《宣言》、以英文著述等形式向西方世界传递中国声音。现代新儒家在中西会通中提炼和创新了一系列标识性概念,打造了两层存有论、道德自我、内在超越、内圣开新外王、儒学三期等一系列新概念和新表述,在海内外产生了广泛影响。现代新儒家积极借鉴西方话语激活传统哲学话语,以反向格义的方式推进了传统哲学的现代转型,其得失为当前中国哲学话语创新提供了宝贵的经验。     

傅伟勋堪当现代新儒家论

傅伟勋一直被看作现代新儒家之外的儒家批评者,文章则从三个方面证明他完全有资格归入现代新儒家阵营。首先论证他是一个具有高度文化使命感的学者,在中国现代三大主流思潮(自由主义、文化保守主义、马克思主义)中,他必然要选择文化保守主义,从而走向现代新儒家。其次就他的四个学术思想倾向来论述他只能归属现代新儒家。最后论述他具有第三代新儒家共通的思想特征,即:①推崇儒学,但不将儒学价值绝对化;②虽不认同马克思主义,却能客观地评价马克思主义;③坚持多元价值观,虽以中国文化为本位,但从不拒斥西方文化,虽强调儒家精神的现代意义,但决不轻率断言认同儒学乃人类未来文化发展的惟一方向。     

墨家"义"思想及其当代价值

义是墨家学说的伦理总则和精神实质,兼爱、非攻等道德原则是义这一上位概念下的具体原则.义在墨家思想体系中具有法天、兴利、举公的内在特征.法天明义思想和儒学的道统精神共同孕育了后世对恶政的批判和改造精神,以利达义思想首倡了群体导向的功利主义,举公正义思想是传统社会大同情怀的重要渊源.墨家义思想启示我们要建立惩罚机制,维护道德有效运行,倡导友爱互助,建立和谐人际关系,防止假公济私.促进社会公平正义.     

"歷数"和"尚贤"与禅让说的兴起

尧舜禅让,古代以为信史。20世纪20年代,有学者提出异议,以为它只是一个传说,这传说是禅让思想的一部分,出自墨家的创造。揆诸史籍,可知,墨家的确传诵过尧举舜而立为天子的故事,对禅让说的传播有推波助澜的作用,但那只是出于宣传尚贤尚同主义的需要,为选官治官而设,并非严格意义上的禅让说。而在儒家,孔子早就盛赞尧舜;尧舜禅让以及与之直接相关的歷数观念在今本《论语》中又有明确反映,这个观念在从周公到孔子的儒家渊源中有着丰富的资源;儒家数观的实质是天命有德,儒家的天命有德思想可为禅让说提供直接的理论基础和前提,儒家的尊贤、墨家的尚贤,后世与“禅让”直接相关的新五德终始说,都可纳入其中。春秋战国时期禅让说的兴起,儒家有直接的关系。     

现代新儒家论“直觉之知”及其意义CSSCI

"直觉"方法是中国哲学的一大特色,并且其发展有"一条清晰的线索"。现代新儒家的重要代表人物如梁漱溟、熊十力、冯友兰、贺麟和牟宗三都力图站在人文主义的立场深入开掘中国哲学传统中"直觉"之意义,以区别于以逻辑分析法为主要特征的西方传统哲学,从而凸显中国哲学作为一种特殊形态哲学的价值与"自性"。与此同时,现代新儒家并非一味囿于中国哲学传统,而是在吸取西方哲学的基础上力图改造中国哲学传统,以使其具有现代性。     

试析墨家“天志”正义观的超验性

中国古代正义思想与宗教的关系是一个长期未受学界重视的问题,而墨家的正义观在这个问题上有独特价值:它继承了上天乃正义之源的古老传统,从而使之具有超然于世俗政权利益之上的独立品格。本文以历史为背景,以《墨子》为个案,以宗教为视角,以儒教为参照,梳理了墨家以"天志"为"法仪"、以"贵义"为核心、再落实为"兼爱""非攻""尚贤""尚同"诸环节的正义思想框架,认为它在回归原生的神权正义基础上,否定了蜕变的强权正义,提出一种返本的平权正义新构想,从而超越了古代主流的价值观。然而在古代宗法-政治的社会条件下,墨家的正义理想仍缺乏落实它的技术手段。     

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY,NATURAL SELECTION,AND THE CONCEPTUAL BOUNDARIES OF THE MODERN EVOLUTIONARY SYNTHESIS

Using the evolution of the stickleback family of subarctic fish as a touchstone, we explore the effect of new discoveries about regulatory genetics, developmental plasticity, and epigenetic inheritance on the conceptual foundations of the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis. Identifying the creativity of natural selection as the hallmark of the Modern Synthesis, we show that since its inception its adherents have pursued a variety of research projects that at first seemed to conflict with its principles, but were accommodated. We situate challenges coming from developmental biology in a dialectic between innovation and tradition, suggesting on the basis of past episodes that even if developmental plasticity and epigenetic inheritance are aligned with its principles the Modern Synthesis (and its image in the public reception of evolution) will be significantly affected.     

LES CULS-DE-SAC OF ENLIGHTENMENT AESTHETICS: A METAPHILOSOPHY OF ART

Abstract: This article charts the rise and fall of the Modern System of the Arts and the failure of the aesthetic theory of art to define membership in the so-called system, which, instead, I argue, is and has been, for a long time, merely a historically evolved collection. Rather than endorsing the continued attempt to define Art with a capital A in terms of aesthetic experience, I recommend alternative lines of research for contemporary philosophers of the arts.     

Traditional Confucianism in modern China: Ma Yifu’s ethical thought

Modern neo-Confucianism is studied at two levels, one is at the historical level and the other at the academic level. Modern neo-Confucianism at the historical level was developed in the modern context, but its basic content belongs to the traditional Confucianism or the study of Confucian classics. Modern neo-Confucianism at the academic level recognizes both the deficiencies of the traditional Confucianism and rationality of western learning, and dedicates itself to the modernization of Confucianism. Though Ma Yifu’s moral philosophy is developed in the context of modern Chinese culture, it fails to deal with the problem of modern transformation of Confucian ethical values and its content still belongs to the traditional Confucianism. So it should be labeled as the modern neo-Confucianism in the historical sense. In this paper, the author makes a systematic exploration and an evaluation of Ma Yifu’s ethical thought. __________ Translated from Lunlixue Yanjiu 伦理学研究 (Studies in Ethics), Vol. 18, 2005 (4) by Yang Xu     

现代新儒家的易学思想论纲

现代新儒家代表人物特重<易传>,他们借助于诠释<易传>来阐发自己的哲学思想.熊十力的易学是以"乾元"为中心的本体-宇宙论;马一浮的易学是以"性理"为中心的本体-工夫论;方东美的易学是以"生生"为中心的形上学;牟宗三的易学是以"穷神知化"为中心的道德形上学;唐君毅的易学是以"神明之知"为中心的天人内外相生相涵的圆教.他们以现代哲学的观念与问题意识重点阐发了<周易>哲学的宇宙论、本体论、生命论、人性论、境界论、价值论及其间的联系,肯定了中国哲学之不同于西方哲学的特性是生机的自然观,整体和谐观,自然宇宙和事实世界涵有价值的观念,至美至善的追求,生命的学问和内在性的体验.他们重建了本体论和宇宙论,证成了超越性与内在性的贯通及天与人合德的意义.     

历史唯物主义与哲学基本问题——论马克思主义的世界观

Modern materialism established by Marx and Engels,is to answer the significant and fundamental problem of philosophy the relation between thinking and being from the perspective of men of action in the course of history.Therefore,the true connotation of modern materialism is historical materialism,and only historical materialism is the worldview of no longer philosophy said by Engels.The worldview of historical materialism includes:the interpretation principle is history,the core idea is life determines con...     

Modern Essentialism and the problem of individuation of spacetime points

In this paper Modern Essentialism is used to solve a problem of individuation of spacetime points in General Relativity that has been raised by a New Leibnizian Argument against spacetime substantivalism, elaborated by Earman and Norton. An earlier essentialistic solution, proposed by Maudlin, is criticized as being against both the spirit of metrical essentialism and the fundamental principles of General Relativity. I argue for a modified essentialistic account of spacetime points that avoids those obstacles.     

JOHN POLKINGHORNE AND BERNARD LONERGAN ON THE SCIENTIFIC STATUS OF THEOLOGY

On the basis of his acquaintance with theoretical elementary particle physics, and following the lead of Thomas Torrance, John Polkinghorne maintains that the data upon which a science is based, and the method by which it treats those data, must respect the idiosyncratic nature of the object with which the science is concerned. Polkinghorne calls this the “accommodation” (or “conformity”) of a discipline to its object. The question then arises: What should we expect religious experience and theological method to be like if they are accommodated to the idiosyncratic nature of God? Polkinghorne's methodological program is typical of postcritical positions in the theology‐science dialogue in holding that the fiduciary element in theological method is simply a species of the fiduciary element that is a de facto part of all knowing—in other words, theological method does not differ in fundamental kind from the methods of the natural sciences. But this program may contain the seeds of an alienation of theological method from the transcendence of God similar to the double self‐alienation of theology described by Michael Buckley in At the Origins of Modern Atheism. I contend that something like Bernard Lonergan's position on how the method of faith seeking understanding is related to the methods of the natural sciences is exactly the sort of thing that one should expect on the supposition of Polkinghorne's principle of accommodation, at least if the God who is the object of theological science is transcendent. The way in which the divine differs from all other objects ought to be disclosed or reflected in religious experience and theological method. Polkinghorne charts the course for an accommodated theology, but it seems to be Lonergan who is more intent on following it.     

由知识对伦理的辩护到伦理对知识的批判——论知识的伦理价值

古希腊哲学最早将美德与知识相联系,“真”的达到就是“善”的实现,人的合目的性是建立在其合规律性的基础上的,伦理学从此有了独立存在的根据。近代知识论提出“知识就是力量”,将获得知识与获得幸福视为同一,知识(理性)是建立伦理的绝对普遍的坚实基础,人的尊严和主体性成为伦理追求的最大价值。20世纪以来,由于科学知识的异化,“知识与人的幸福和命运问题”凸现在当代伦理学面前。为知识找寻一条“应然”的光明之路,不仅是伦理学的理论使命,也是人类自身的神圣使命。     

意识和无意识的关系--实证的视角

意识和无意识的相互关系曾经是纯粹的哲学问题,科学心理学的诞生促进了对这一问题的实证视角考察。实证取向认为,意识和无意识同属人类心理的机能,并能够在外在的任务操作中表现出来。现代认知心理学发现了对应意识机能的外显过程和对应无意识机能的内隐过程,两者相对独立又共生共存。任何认知过程都是意识和无意识共同作用的产物,两者之间存在复杂的相互作用,并表现出权衡的特点。神经生理学的研究揭示了意识和无意识在发生学意义上可能的先后关系。无意识在心理过程中起的作用是普遍的、抽象的、抗干扰的,而意识则建筑在无意识的基础之上,有着更大的变异性。     

Continuants and Occurrents: Peter Simons

Commonsense ontology contains both continuants and occurrents, but are continuants necessary? I argue that they are neither occurrents nor easily replaceable by them. The worst problem for continuants is the question in virtue of what a given continuant exists at a given time. For such truthmakers we must have recourse to occurrents, those vital to the continuant at that time. Continuants are, like abstract objects, invariants under equivalences over occurrents. But they are not abstract, and their being invariants enables us toinfer both their lack of temporal parts and that non-invariant predications about them must be relativized to times.
[E]ndurance is the property of finding its pattern reproduced in the temporal parts of the total event.
Whitehead, Science and the Modern World, 189.