学习态度与学习行为的相关性研究

按照态度的结构理论,态度包含认知、情感和意向三种成分。该研究采用问卷测查的方式,考察了学习态度中的三种成分与学习行为的关系。结果表明,影响学习行为最主要的因素不是认知,而是意向和情感。所以要使学生真正形成一种能够促进学习行为的积极的学习态度,关键在于使他们产生对学习的愉悦体验和强烈的投入意愿。     

态度的自动激活效应的初步研究

本研究探讨了态度的自动激活效应,通过考察先期呈现的图片对后续词汇分类判断的影响,以判断阈下呈现图片是否自动激活其在记忆中储存的评价,结果发现积极图片促进了个体对后续积极词汇的反应．消极图片促进了对后续消极词汇的反应,对象一评价联结强度不是影响态度自动激活效应的因素之一。从而支持Bargh提出的态度自动激活效应是自动化和无条件的这一结论。     

在包含多种提取内容时加工层次对自由回忆和再认的影响

本实验的目的是探索加工层次(方式)对自由回忆和再认的影响,实验条件同时包含适合于原来加工方式的提取内容以及不适合于原来加工方式的提取内容。结果表明,深层的意义水平的加工方式产生了最好的保持。从提取内容与加工方式的一致性对结果进行了讨论,最后强调了加工方式对提取是极端重要的。     

距离、观察姿势对大小知觉的影响

問題 大小知觉是視知觉心理学中重要問題之一,也是人在实践活动中所經常接触的問題。前人研究表明,大小知觉总是与知觉对象的距离成一定的关系,并提出所謂大小-距离不变假設(Size-Distance Invariace Hypothesis)来說明这种現象。在一般情况下,对象离开观察者愈远,网膜视象随距离按比例縮小,而观察者所知觉的大小却仍接近对象的原来实际大小(物理大小),也就是說大小知觉保持着一定的恆常性。这是大小知觉与距离关     

笔画复杂性和重复性对笔画和汉字认知的影响

采用笔画识别和词汇决定的方法 ,对汉字笔画认知和笔画在汉字认知中的作用作了考察。实验一探讨了汉字笔画自身的复杂性对笔画认知的影响。结果表明 ,笔画自身的复杂性对笔画认知无显著影响 ,识别简单笔画和识别复杂笔画的反应时与错误率无显著差异。实验二考察了笔画的重复性对汉字认知的影响。结果表明 ,汉字认知中存在笔画重复性效应。笔画重复较多的汉字比笔画较少重复的汉字识别时间短 ,错误率亦低。整个实验结果支持笔画是汉字加工的基本单元的假设     

THE EFFECT OF TELEVISION AND RADIO ON CHILDREN'S CREATIVITY

The literature on creativity posits that creative abilities are stable and relatively impervious to short-term interventions. Several studies have, however, reported differential effects of media on children's imaginative play and thinking. The results of these studies are difficult to interpret owing to their reliance on nonstandardized measures of creativity. The present study examines the relative effects of television versus radio on children's creativity. Third and sixth graders were presented a story on television or radio and were then given an adapted version of the “Just Suppose” test of divergent thinking developed by Torrance (1974). Responses were scored in terms of ideational fluency, flexibility, and originality. The results indicated that the two media did not have a differential effect on children's creativity.     

不同干预方法对应激时身心状态的影响

选取72名被试,随机分配到对照组、腹式呼吸组和忽视调节组中。采用重复一个因素的三因素混合实验设计,测量被试基线期、干预期、应激期、恢复期的指温、收缩压和应激前后的主观感受,探讨不同干预方法对应激的干预效果。结果表明,腹式呼吸能够降低男生的心血管反应,忽视调节能够降低女生的主观体验,同时也表明,个体生理反应升高并不必然伴随主观体验的升高。     

刺激类型与预先信息对任务切换的影响

为揭示联结竞争与任务设置重构在切换加工过程中的关系,以切换代价为指标,研究了刺激类型与预先信息对任务切换的影响效应,结果发现:(1)无信息的切换代价显著高于部分信息和全部信息的切换代价,而后二者之间无显著差异;(2)单向刺激的切换代价显著高于双向刺激的切换代价;(3)预先信息和刺激类型对切换代价的影响无交互作用。这表明任务设置重构与联结竞争是两个具有相加效应的序列认知活动。     

重复线索化和靶子注意定向对返回抑制的影响

在返回抑制范式下 ,利用线索—靶子模式进行了两个实验 ,以大学生为被试 ,以重复线索化次数来操纵线索化阶段的注意 ,以靶子的注意定向来操纵靶子加工阶段的注意 ,探讨注意对返回抑制的影响。实验一采用连续线索化方式 ,发现当靶子为自主性注意定向时 ,线索化次数对返回抑制有显著影响 ,线索化 3次时返回抑制值大于线索化 1次和 2次 ;当靶子为反射性注意定向时 ,线索化次数对返回抑制无影响。实验二采用交叉线索化方式 ,发现线索化次数对返回抑制的影响正好与实验一相反。两个实验一致表明 ,无论是线索化阶段的注意 ,还是靶子加工阶段的注意 ,均对返回抑制有显著影响 ;并且 ,在对返回抑制的影响上 ,二者存在显著交互作用。从而支持注意影响返回抑制的观点。该结果对返回抑制的机制研究有一定意义。     

任务需求对基于位置的返回抑制和基于颜色的重复劣势效应的影响

在 3个实验中探讨了任务需求对基于位置的返回抑制和基于颜色的重复劣势效应的影响。实验 1选取2 3名本科生被试 ,在把所有刺激都呈现在中央视觉上的颜色辨别任务中 ,发现颜色重复条件下的反应时明显长于非重复条件下的反应时 ,出现了显著的基于颜色的重复劣势效应 ,而且它的量显著大于简单检测任务中基于颜色的重复劣势效应量。实验 2和 3在实验 1的基础上加入空间不确定性 ,分别选取 2 2名和 2 3名本科生被试 ,并要求他们分别完成颜色辨别任务和简单检测任务。结果发现 ,在颜色辨别任务中 ,既获得了基于空间的返回抑制 ,又获得了基于颜色的重复劣势效应 ,而且二者之间没有交互作用 ,即它们各自独立地发挥作用 ;而在简单检测任务中 ,只获得了基于空间的返回抑制。 3个实验的结果表明 ,在一种实验情境下出现基于何种刺激特性的重复劣势效应 ,以及其量的大小完全取决于实验中的任务需求。在文章最后还将本研究结果与一种选择性注意领域内普遍抑制模型相结合 ,进行了深入讨论     

THE EFFECT OF CULTURE AND GENDER ON SELF-REPORTED ASSERTIVE BEHAVIOR

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between cultural affiliation, gender and assertive behavior in two distinct socio-cultural groups. Ninety-seven Israeli Arab students and 97 Israeli Jewish students, of both sexes, filled out the Assertion Inventory (Gambrill and Richey 1975) during a class meeting. Analysis of the results indicated differences between the two cultural groups. In general, Arab participants showed a lower level of assertiveness than their Jewish counterparts. Differences between gender and interaction of culture x gender were found in certain factors related to behavior in specific social situations. These findings were discussed on the basis of accepted social behavior within various cultural contexts.     

股价和性别对模拟选股决策的影响

该模拟研究考察了股价和性别因素对股票新手选股决策的影响。股价为组内变量,分高低两个水平。被试是48名大学生,男女各半,均无股票操作经验。实验结果表明,股价对股票选择时间没有显著影响,但对被试体验到的冲突强度有明显影响,被试选择高价股时感受到的冲突强度显著高于选择低价股时感受到的冲突强度;在股票选择时间上存在显著的性别差异,女性选择时间明显长于男性的选择时间。     

EFFECTS OF SELF-RECORDING ON ATTENDANCE AND PERFORMANCE IN A COMPETITIVE SWIMMING TRAINING ENVIRONMENT

Swimmers' attendance at training and work rates were described by their coaches as being poor and irregular. Reinforcement contingencies were developed to remedy these unsatisfactory conditions. Two experiments were conducted. A multiple baseline design verified the effects of publicly marking attendance at practice as a sufficient solution for reducing absenteeism, tardiness, and leaving early. Follow-up analyses showed this contingency to have lasting effects. In the second experiment, a reversal design was used to assess the effects of employing program boards as a means of increasing work output during practice. Work rates in eight selected swimmers were elevated by an average of 27.1% when the boards were instituted. Follow-up evaluations showed that the use of the program boards had lasting effects. Publicly checking the completion of each training unit of work changed the nature of the swimming environment to produce a more productive use of time. The role of the coach was subsequently changed as less time was spent in directing and supervising behaviors.     

感知负载对干扰效应和负启动效应的影响

保持刺激图形恒定,用改变任务难度的方法操纵负载的高低,研究了负载的变化对干扰效应及负启动效应的影响。实验结果显示在零负载时出现干扰效应,而高、低负载时干扰效应消失;同时在低、零负载时出现负启动效应,在高负载时负启动反转为正启动。这些结果说明负载的变化对干扰子的状态有明显的作用,但正启动效应的出现显示高负载并不能完全排除对干扰子的加工。     

广告频率和品牌成熟度对信息加工模式的影响

广告可以通过受众的自动化加工和控制性加工两条途径为品牌价值的建立作出贡献。该研究运用加工分离程序,探讨了在不同的呈现频率下,受众对不同成熟度商品的广告的信息加工模式。结果发现：(1)在非注意条件下,与新品牌相比,成熟品牌会引起更多的自动化加工,控制性加工在各种成熟度的商品之间差异不显著;(2)在低卷入学习状态下,重复既提高了广告的自动影响,也提高了控制性加工的影响。因此,重复播放是提高广告有效性的一条途径。     

印象整饰对强迫服从后态度改变的影响

以194名大学生为被试,采用实验室实验法和利克特型态度量表,对Festinger和Carlsmith“强迫服从的认知性后果”实验进行了验证研究,并对个体印象整饰水平—自我监控力的差异对强迫服从后的态度中庸现象的影响作用进行了实验研究。结果表明：（1）自我监控性高低极端组在强迫服从后的态度得分不支持Festinger等实验的结果;（2）个体的印象整饰水平的差异对强迫服从中出现的态度中庸现象有显著影响作用。仅从个体内在的心理因素来解释复杂的社会行为是不够的,我们既要考虑个体自身的因素也要考虑外在环境的作用     

认知控制对基于位置和颜色返回抑制的影响

采用带颜色的字母为靶刺激.通过操纵被试任务.考察辨别任务中认知控制对基于位置和颜色IoR的影响.结果发现:要求被试辨别带颜色的字母,没有出现基于颜色的IoR;要求被试辨别颜色.出现了基于颜色的IoR.说明.自上而下的认知控制是基于颜色IoR产生的关键因素之一.其内在机制可用抑制模型和注意资源分配理论从不同角度解释.同时,两种任务均未要求被试辨别靶刺激的位置,却都出现了基于位置的IoR,验证了Russell"注意可能存在对位置信息自动加工"的假说.     

WHO CARES? THE EFFECT OF GENDER AND CONTEXT ON THE SELF AND MORAL REASONING

Theorists suggest that gender differences in moral reasoning are due to differences in the self-concept, with women feeling connected to others and using a care approach, whereas men feel separate from others and adopt a justice approach. Using a self-categorization analysis, the current research suggests that the nature of the self–other relationship, rather than gender, predicts moral reasoning. Study 1 found moral reasoning to be dependent upon the social distance between the self and others, with a care-based approach more likely when interacting with a friend than a stranger. Study 2 suggests that when individuals see others as ingroup members they are more likely to utilize care-based moral reasoning than when others are seen as outgroup members. Further, traditional gender differences in moral reasoning were found only when gender was made salient. These studies suggest that both the self and moral reasoning are better conceptualized as fluid and context dependent.