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人格心理学研究的新进展与问题 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
1 引言人格在心理学史上是唯一建立在几个不同的范式之上的领域。目前西方人格心理学正处在历史上最活跃的时期 ,不仅人格研究的传统范式依然活跃 ,而且产生了新的研究范式。本文就该领域的新近动态做一概览与述评。2 人格心理学经典范式的地位及新进展 心理分析、特质论、行为主义和人本主义是人格研究的传统范式。近年来 ,这四种范式都已扩展了各自的领域。社会认知范式和生物学范式是新繁衍出的范式。2 .1 心理分析在众多的反对声中 ,心理分析的范式已经由轮椅上的沉思进化为一个实证的研究领域 ,尽管各派人格理论家对人格的描述和… 相似文献
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梁漱溟的心理学是一种"生命范式"取向的心理学,该范式关注人类生命的主体自觉、生活行动和终极意义,区别于科学心理学的"实证范式"取向。梁漱溟的心理学是一种中国式意义疗法的心理学,具有"人心-生活-生命"三位一体的构成内涵。生命心理学范式弥补了科学心理学范式的不足,发展出了一种"有生命的心理学",这对本土心理学的发展和人类心理危机的处理具有重要的启发价值。 相似文献
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本文考察了主客二分研究范式的内涵、发展脉络与历史地位。作者认为,主客二分研究范式张扬着心理学的自然科学定向,体现的是人作为自然物的形象,展示的是将人的心理、行为视作“现象”,试图以实证方法揭示人的心理、行为规律的“外观心理学”境界。它和主客同一研究范式均可在未来心理学中获得各自合理存在的空间。 相似文献
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车文博先生主编的《中外心理学比较思想史》通过"四方"文化比较,定义了心理学研究范式的意义,进而建立了一个公正的文化视角下的心理学元理论体系。该书更进一步以心理内容为线索,站在"类心理学"的高度描绘了中外心理学范式竞争与演进的历史:古代"四方"文化范式呈现相互竞争的态势;在欧洲的科学革命以后,分析理性哲学范式取得了绝对的统治地位。最后,该书中外心理学思想的交流是解决当前心理学范式困难的出路。 相似文献
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认知科学的发展历程经历了符号范式、联结主范式和具身认知范式的演变。认知心理学范式演变折射出认知心理学研究方式转变和对人的心智探索的深化,同时也反映出关于身心关系实现了从传统的身心二元对立到当下身心一体论的超越;对其文化反思是引领心理学从离身认知到具身认知进程更趋合理化的基础。 相似文献
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解释心理起源的新理论范式——进化心理学 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
进化心理学旨在通过进化的心理机制来解释人类行为的适应性,是解释人类心理起源和本质的一种新兴理论范式。该文首先简要分析了进化心理学的诞生背景;其次介绍了该理论的研究内容,其中重点阐述了进化的心理机制的适应性和领域特异性;然后评述了该理论对认知科学、发展心理学和消费者行为学的积极影响;最后对该理论的局限性与发展前景进行了小结。 相似文献
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Paul R. Jackson 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2005,8(1):51-64
Indigenization in psychology leads to modes of theorizing based within local knowledge communities and defined in terms of culturally relevant criteria. The present study offers a conceptualization of the social psychology of science in terms of complexity theory. The value of alternative choices in advancing psychological knowledge is shown by a knowledge landscape whose shape depends on the diversity of paradigms within the community. Dominance by a single paradigm (such as a Western world view) leads to a single-peaked landscape where advances in knowledge are judged using only the criteria of that paradigm. Here, the most effective form of working is incremental step-by-step research; but this ignores the historical context of the indigenous community and runs the risk of promoting a kind of psychology that is irrelevant to its values and priorities. Indigenization is presented as a complexification of the knowledge community building on a diversity of world views, leading to a rugged, multiple-peaked knowledge landscape. Four features of working on rugged landscapes are examined: path dependence, showing the importance of history for shaping the direction of research; fostering research progress through seeding of multiple starting points; the benefits of locally dense networks within knowledge communities; and the role of policy-makers in tuning knowledge landscapes. Examples are drawn from the development of indigenous psychology within a number of countries. 相似文献
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后现代心理学思想的基本观点 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
在后现代文化思潮的冲击下,一些从事后现代心理学思想研究的心理学工作者。扬弃了科学主义心理学家的原则方场和研究范式,超越了其理论误区和视界局限。由于他们的方法论基础大相径庭.所以在心理学的专业知识、研究对象、探究方法、临床应用、科学定位等诸多方面,二者存在着明显的分歧。 相似文献
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Alaric Kohler 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2010,44(1):39-57
This article attempts to show that the metaphorical conception of human being as a machine takes a very specific epistemological
standpoint. To make short the complex task of considering the implication of this paradigm for psychological and behavioral
sciences, three important mismatches between the machine and the living human will be considered. Experience, agency and plasticity
of human being are excluded in the scientific models and research activities when they are situated in the machine paradigm.
For this reason, I claim that the machine paradigm does not offer the relevant frame for integrating results from various
domains or approaches within human sciences, even if it can sometimes produce relevant scientific knowledge in certain domain
at the scale of detailed investigation. Due to the importance of overcoming the fragmentation of scientific knowledge to solve
the crisis in psychology, an “organic paradigm” should be elaborated which provides a new epistemological framework. 相似文献
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在人才测评的理论、方法论以及具体方法的背后,隐含着科学心理学的范式取向。新时期人才测评理论与实践所遭遇的深刻危机,与科学心的理学范式影响有着密切关系。科学主义心理学与人文主义心理学两大范式的张力,与后现代思潮相互激荡,汇集成心理学后现代转向的潮流。心理学的后现代转向对新时期人才测评启发甚多,它召唤人才测评理沦基础、方法论及实践的创新,昭示着新时期人才测评的范式转换。 相似文献
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Karol I. Pelc 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2002,15(3):36-44
The paper presents a method of conceptual mapping of knowledge during the consolidation process of an interdisciplinary domain
into an emerging discipline. This approach allows tracking the evolution of an emerging discipline of technology management.
Knowledge consolidation is the result of colliding source disciplines and the simultaneous influence of changing paradigms.
Three paradigms have played major role in recent development of the emerging discipline: (1) engineering management paradigm,
(2) management of technology paradigm, and (3) technological entrepreneurship paradigm. The changing needs of practice drive
the process. Knowledge mapping approach identifies elements of that process. Those elements (concepts) are identified and
used for building a map of knowledge. The impact of different source disciplines (such as economics, management science, psychology,
engineering sciences, systems science, and sociology) is characterized by affinities they have with concepts developed and
applied in the emerging discipline. Linkages among those concepts are graphically interpreted in the map of knowledge.
where he is also the Director of the Center for Technological Innovation Leadership and Entrepreneurship (CenTILE). 相似文献
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Ruben Ardila 《International journal of psychology》1992,27(5):299-310
The current state of fragmentation of psychology is discussed in the context of Kuhn's paradigms. Schools of psychology are considered analogous to paradigms, although Kuhn would not think of psychology as a paradigmatic science. Schools gave origin to systems of psychology (neo-behaviourism, neo-psychoanalysis, dialectic-materialistic psychology, and humanistic psychology). A unifying paradigm, the experimental synthesis of behaviour, is presented as a programme. It is derived from the experimental analysis of behaviour. It is not an eclectic approach, but a new paradigm with the aim of unifying psychology as a science. Its main characteristics and advantages are discussed. 相似文献
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西方积极心理学运动是一场心理学革命吗? 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
积极心理学是20世纪末兴起于美国的一股重要心理学力量,也是当今心理学舞台上比较活跃的一个领域,对于它的出现,有人认为这是一场心理学革命或心理学研究范式的转变。该文仔细分析了积极心理学与传统主流心理学、人本主义心理学的关系,并对心理学发展中的革命性和非革命性变化的特点做了概括,最终得出结论:积极心理学从目前来看不是心理学发展史上的一场革命,其本身并不存在研究范式上的根本转变 相似文献
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心理学的历史编纂学:后现代主义的挑战 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
后现代主义思潮深刻影响了心理学史的研究与写作。传统的心理学历史编纂学接受真理的符合论,认为心理学的发展史是一维的和历时的。它习惯于在心理学的发展史中寻找某些“中心”或“标志”,并假定了不同的国家和民族、不同历史时期的心理学所面对的是同一主题。但是后现代主义的心理学历史编纂学强调了历史的社会建构特性,认为心理学史叙述的并非一种“客观实在”,而是史学家的一种话语建构。后现代主义的心理学历史编纂学使得心理学史家更明确的意识到历史知识的主观性,有助于心理学史家认识历史研究中的价值和意识形态问题,正视文化视角造成的认识差异,因而是有着积极意义的 相似文献
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Buller DJ 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2005,9(6):277-283
For some evolutionary psychology is merely a field of inquiry, but for others it is a robust paradigm involving specific theories about the nature and evolution of the human mind. Proponents of this paradigm claim to have made several important discoveries regarding the evolved architecture of the mind. Highly publicized discoveries include a cheater-detection module, a psychological sex difference in jealousy, and motivational mechanisms underlying parental love and its lapses, which purportedly result in child maltreatment. In this article, I argue that the empirical evidence for these "discoveries" is inconclusive, at best. I suggest that, as the reigning paradigm in evolutionary psychology has produced questionable results, the evolutionary study of human psychology is still in need of a guiding paradigm. 相似文献