幼儿心理理论和元认知的关系研究

本研究以北京市某幼儿园5个班98名幼儿为被试,使用以表情为线索的社会知觉任务、经典的意外内容和意外地点任务测量了儿童的心理理论各成份,使用卡片分类、拼图任务测量了其元认知各个成份;同时,用中国韦氏幼儿智力量表语言分量表测量了语言能力.分析结果表明:(1)3～5岁幼儿的心理理论与元认知策略有较高的相关.(2)心理理论的社会认知成份可以预测元认知各个方面的发展.( 3)在3～5岁幼儿心理理论两成份中,社会知觉成份与元认知知识关系密切;社会认知成份与元认知监控之间的关系密切,特别是与元认知的策略知识关系密切.     

儿童心理理论研究的一个新方向--执行性功能与心理理论之间的关系

关于儿童心理理论发展的研究开始于 2 0世纪 80年代初期 ,是继皮亚杰理论、儿童元认知发展的研究之后又一个有关儿童社会认知的重要研究方面。心理理论意指对自己和他人心理状态的认识 ,并由此对相应行为作出因果性的预测和解释。目前 ,考察执行性功能与心理理论之间的关系已成为西方儿童心理理论研究的一个新方向。本文试就执行性功能与儿童心理理论之间的关系作一简要介绍和分析 ,以期为我国儿童心理理论的研究积累资料 ,并能为在实践中指导儿童心理理论的发展提供借鉴。1　什么是执行性功能　　Welsh和Pennington(1988)将执行性功能定义…     

儿童青少年元认知的发展特点及作用的心理机制

儿童元认知的研究是当前认知发展领域的重点研究方向之一。陈英和等研究者在这个主题下通过理论及实证研究进行了广泛且深入的探讨,不断发展出适合于不同年龄阶段元认知测量的有效工具,综合采用多种方法探讨了儿童青少年的元认知发展特点、元认知及其各子成分在一般认知、社会认知及具体学科领域中的作用机制,以及元认知和一般认知能力的关系。这些研究为进一步探明儿童元认知的发展规律及作用机制提供了证据。     

儿童、青年与老年人在知觉和高阶元认知监控上的年龄差异

元认知是以监测和控制为核心的动态调节活动。本研究以9岁儿童、年轻人和老年人为研究对象，分别采用选点任务和词对学习任务，在知觉元认知和高阶元认知层次考察元认知监测和控制及其关系随年龄变化的特点。结果显示：(1)儿童的知觉元认知和高阶元认知监控能力大都低于年轻人；(2)老年人的知觉元认知能力与年轻人相似，但高阶元认知能力则低于年轻人；(3)老年人和年轻人一样能够在记忆监测中利用控制线索，而9岁儿童尚未表现出这种能力。本研究从发展的角度，支持了知觉元认知与高阶元认知能力具有领域特殊性的理论假设，并对监测和控制的关系发展进行了讨论。     

元认知视角下的强迫症的特征、模型及干预

强迫症的元认知模型认为, 元认知是理解强迫症病理的关键。强迫症患者存在错误的元认知知识信念、消极的元认知体验及不恰当使用元认知策略等问题。强迫症的元认知疗法强调思维过程(如自我聚焦注意、对担忧不变的思维风格和威胁调节的注意策略等)的重要性, 而非思维的具体内容, 并在个体心理干预、团体心理干预等研究中显示出较好的疗效。未来研究应从认知神经科学等视角考查强迫症的记忆等元认知特征, 并进一步验证和修正强迫症的元认知模型。     

信息加工速度发展的研究进展

信息加工速度是认知发展研究的重要课题,它实质上反映了认知过程的内部心理机制的变化过程。围绕信息加工速度的年龄差异机制问题,许多研究者开展大量研究,该文介绍了三种有代表性的理论:经验说,元认知说和整体机能说。该文最后提出了信息加工速度发展研究的展望和意义。     

从心理理论的脑机制研究看心理理论与执行功能的关系

心理理论发展与执行功能的关系以及心理理论脑机制的研究是近年来心理理论研究中的一个热点。文章首先对心理理论与执行功能关系的研究现状进行了分析与概括,提出了目前研究中的问题;然后从介绍了心理理论脑机制研究现状,并以此为基础探讨了心理理论与执行功能的关系。     

幼儿元认知发展的几个问题

一般认为,儿童的认知和元认知能力随儿童年龄的增长而有所提高。但值得注意的是,较为晚近 的研究发现,直到学前末期甚至学龄初期,儿童才表现出元认知和智力之间的一致关系。如何理 解幼儿普遍存在的元认知水平低现象成了儿童认知发展研究的一个重要问题。     

幼儿元认知发展的几个问题

一般认为,儿童的认知和元认知能力随儿童年龄的增长而有所提高。但值得注意的是,较为晚近的研究发现,直到学前末期甚至学龄初期,儿童才表现出元认知和智力之间的一致关系。如何理解幼儿普遍存在的元认知水平低现象成了儿童认知发展研究的一个重要问题。     

数学教学中元认知心理训练与运算能力培养

如何才能更好的发展与培养学生的数学能力,这是心理学与数学教育工作者共同关心的问题。随着教育科学的发展,数学研究已由传统研究教法而转向研究学法。近年来心理学的元认知理论在开发学生的智力,教会学生如何学习上越来越引起国内教育界的重视。从理论上讲元认知就是指对“认知的认识”。它主要包括三大成份:(1)元认知知识;(2)元认知体验;(3)元认知监控。元认知过程实     

Concurrent Relations Between Perspective-Taking Skills,Desire Understanding,and Internal-State Vocabulary

Recent studies suggest that there appears to be a similar developmental sequence in the understanding of mental states in both internal-state language and in standard theory-of-mind tasks. These findings suggest possible developmental relations between children's ability to talk and think about the mind. Two experiments investigated the concurrent relations between internal-state vocabulary and theory-of-mind abilities in 30-month-old toddlers. In Experiment 1, children's internal-state language vocabulary was significantly and specifically related to their concurrent understanding of others' visual and emotional perspectives and was less strongly related to desire understanding. Experiment 2 replicated and extended these findings by examining the link between internal-state vocabulary and visual perspective-taking and comprehension of own versus other's desire, controlling for general verbal skills. Children with a more developed internal-state vocabulary performed better on perspective-taking tasks. These findings suggest that labeling and reasoning about mental states are related abilities at the early stages of theory-of-mind development.     

Linking theory of mind and central coherence bias in autism and in the general population

Three experiments investigated whether 2 characteristic aspects of the psychological profile of autism, theory-of-mind deficits and weak central coherence, might be functionally related. Experiment 1 showed that in the general population, performance on a proposed test of theory of mind was inversely related to speed on the Embedded Figures Test, a measure of central coherence bias. Experiments 2 and 3 confirmed that poor theory-of-mind performance was linked to weak central coherence among typically developing children and among children with autism; however, the correlations between these measures were reliable only after accounting for differences in individuals' verbal mental ages. This pattern of results is interpreted in terms of a relationship between individual differences in theory of mind and central coherence bias, a relationship that is separate from any developmental differences in these domains.     

"心理理论"的实验任务与研究趋向

20世纪80年代以来,“心理理论”已成为发展心理学的研究热点和最活跃、最多产的领域。本文介绍了“心理理论”的涵义,解释为什么称之为“理论”,在作者自己实证研究的基础上,对“心理理论”实验任务进行了总结分析。主要从实验任务的角度探讨心理理论研究中存在的问题和认知与神经机制方面的发展趋向。     

Metacognition and mindreading in young children: A cross-cultural study

Prior studies document cross cultural variation in the developmental onset of mindreading. In particular, Japanese children are reported to pass a standard false belief task later than children from Western countries. By contrast, we know little about cross-cultural variation in young children’s metacognitive abilities. Moreover, one prominent theoretical discussion in developmental psychology focuses on the relation between metacognition and mindreading. Here we investigated the relation between mindreading and metacognition (both implicit and explicit) by testing 4-year-old Japanese and German children. We found no difference in metacognition between the two cultural groups. By contrast, Japanese children showed lower performance than German children replicating cultural differences in mindreading. Finally, metacognition and mindreading were not related in either group. We discuss the findings in light of the existing theoretical accounts of the relation between metacognition and mindreading.     

Intergenerational transmission of theory-of-mind

We examined whether individual differences in children's performance on a scaled battery of theory-of-mind tasks was predicted by parents' performance on an adult theory-of-mind task. Forty-six 3-year-old children and their parents participated in this study when children were aged 2;11 to 4;0. Thirty dyads returned 6 months later for a second assessment. After statistically controlling for relevant covariates, we detected a positive correlation between parents' and children's theory-of-mind scores. The correlation was significant at both time points, and was robust when data were aggregated across the two sessions. These results provide some evidence for intergenerational transmission of theory-of-mind abilities in a typically developing sample, and possible mechanisms underlying this relation are discussed.     

Understanding orbitofrontal contributions to theory-of-mind reasoning: implications for autism

Autism is a lifelong developmental disorder that is associated with severe difficulties with "theory-of-mind"--the understanding that others' behaviors are motivated by internal mental states. Here, we raise the possibility that research examining the neural bases of theory-of-mind reasoning has the potential to inform researchers about the elusive functional neural impairments associated with autism. Evidence from our lab and others' suggests that theory-of-mind reasoning may be fractionated into at least two functionally and anatomically distinct neural circuits. Specifically, the ability to decode others' mental states from observable cues (such as facial expressions) may rely on contributions from the orbitofrontal/medial temporal circuit within the right hemisphere. In contrast, the ability to reason about others' mental states may rely left medial frontal regions. We conclude by reviewing evidence suggesting that the developmental roots of autism might lie in abnormal functioning of the orbitofrontal/medial temporal circuit which may, in turn, underlie the abnormal development of social-cognitive skills among individuals with autism.     

大学生元认知特点与非智力因素关系的研究

研究考察大学生元认知各成份特点与学生学习动机、坚持性、学习方法等非智力因素之间的相互关系。研究表明学生元认知各成份之间的发展并不均衡,元认知的监控能力较薄弱。在元认知整体水平上存在性别差异。元认知的发展水平与非智力因素之间存在着正相关。     

Temperament and Anxiety: The Mediating Role of Metacognition

The present study examines a simple model for the relationship between temperament, anxiety and maladaptive metacognition. A clinical sample of patients diagnosed with anxiety disorders (n?=?216) completed a set of self-reported questionnaires measuring temperament dimensions, state anxiety and metacognitions. Three temperament traits were included in the hypothesized model: emotional reactivity, perseveration and briskness. A structural equation modeling analysis supported a model in which the relationship between the three temperament traits and anxiety were fully mediated by metacognition. Dissimilar models were identified for the male and female subgroups, and also with reference to individual categories of maladaptive metacognition. The findings support the significance of metacognition as a factor influencing the temperament-anxiety relationship. Moreover, they confirm the roles both of emotional reactivity and of perseveration, being major traits related to anxiety which also turned out to be strongly associated with metacognition. In case of the models for the categories of metacognition, emotional reactivity was associated with negative beliefs, perseveration with negative and positive beliefs, while briskness predicted anxiety independently of metacognition. These results suggest the existence of more specific associations between temperament traits, anxiety, and various types of metacognition.     

Gender differences in the relationship between young children's peer-related social competence and individual differences in theory of mind

In this study, the author examined the relationship between theory-of-mind understanding and preschool-aged children's peer-related social competence. One hundred eleven 3- to 5-year-old children (48 boys, 63 girls) participated in 2 theory-of-mind tasks designed to assess their understanding of false belief. Teachers rated children's peer-related social behavior in terms of prosocial behavior, aggressive or disruptive behavior, and shy or withdrawn behavior. Results indicated that, after controlling for age, theory-of-mind understanding significantly predicted aggressive or disruptive behavior for boys and prosocial behavior for girls. Theory-of-mind understanding also was related to lower scores of shy or withdrawn behavior for boys. Results are discussed in terms of the gender differences in the factors contributing to early peer competence.     

国内元认知的相关研究及其展望

元认知这一概念是由美国发展心理学家弗莱维尔(Flavell)在1976年正式提出来的。至今,学者们对其进行了广泛深入的研究,无论是在理论还是实证方面都取得了丰硕的成果。文章首先对元认知(metacognition)的概念作了阐述,接着陈述了当前关于元认知的结构比较认可的两分法以及三分法,并提出了关于元认知结构的看法。然后对目前国内元认知的相关研究做一综述,最后文章在分析过去研究所存在问题的基础上提出了对元认知研究的展望。