技艺与德性中的实践智慧——基于亚里士多德伦理学与当代伦理学自然主义的比较

亚里士多德在其古典伦理学中讨论了作为制作活动的技艺与作为实践活动的德性以及二者所依赖的实践智慧的联系与区别。基于亚里士多德的思想以及当代认知科学,这一类比研究延续到当代自然主义伦理学及其反思中。自然主义伦理学主张技艺与德性及其实践智慧之间存在着某种类同关系,源于亚里士多德德性伦理学的辩护者则主张技艺行为与德性行为的实践智慧在诸多方面存在区别。更进一步的研究表明,技艺行为和德性行为的实践智慧应当有效地整合,即技艺行为的实践智慧可能使人们对整体生活目标的反思更为正确,同时,技艺行为的实践智慧也同时应当遵从基于\"好的人类生活\"的更高规范标准。     

海德格尔对亚里士多德实践智慧(Phronesis)的存在论诠释

海德格尔在早期对亚里士多德的实践哲学进行了独特的存在论的诠释.他的基础存在论是这一诠释的重要成果.其中,海德格尔对亚里士多德伦理学中的实践智慧的诠释居于中心地位.海德格尔把实践智慧诠释为此在揭示真理的根本方式.实践智慧是促使人进行本真的决断的"良知",因此它是人本真的个体化存在的前提.而在决断中,体现出一种特别的时机性.正是从亚里士多德描述的人的行动的时机性概念中,海德格尔揭示出了源始的时间性--融将来、过去和现在于一体的绽出的当下.     

亚里士多德实践哲学中的德性与实践智慧

“德性”与“实践智慧”是亚里士多德阐释实践哲学的重要概念,也是现代美德伦理学的重要思想资源.但这两个概念之间的关系在亚里士多德的伦理学中阐述得不甚清楚,在中西方学界存在着不同意见.实践智慧与德性到底是什么关系,仍然是德性伦理学同时也是实践哲学必须弄清楚的问题.     

亚里士多德实践智慧思想及其复兴

亚里士多德的实践智慧(phronesis)概念是其阐释实践哲学的重要范畴,也是西方实践哲学发展的重要基点.这个概念在经过了N.马基雅维利和F.培根的改造之后其本真的内涵却被遮蔽了,甚至退化为计算与权术的代名词.但是,进入到现代之后,亚氏的实践智慧概念开始复兴.这实际上已经标识出实践智慧的普遍意义,而对此问题的研究也已关系到对整个传统哲学的理解以及对整个现代西方哲学的理性重建.本文以此为基点,在厘清亚氏实践智慧的本真内涵及其重要意义的同时,也进一步阐明现代哲学在此理路上所应具有的样态.     

纳斯鲍姆论亚里士多德的实践智慧与好生活

纳斯鲍姆在《善的脆弱性》一书中以“运气”对好生活的影响为主线,考察了亚里士多德为经验立场之下的实践智慧进行辩护的理由.亚里士多德和柏拉图的“神目观”不同,他重视偶然的灾难等不可抗拒的因素对人类的好生活的影响.好生活本来是具有脆弱性的,纳斯鲍姆分析了人面对这种脆弱性表现出来的实践智慧.在这种情况下,好生活的特点是不可通约的、多元的、不确定的,实践智慧的洞察力也是非理性的、非演绎性的.只有这样,伦理学才是以人类为中心的.这也表明了亚里士多德思想的巨大张力.     

悲剧、实践智慧与幸福——论亚里士多德《诗学》中的实践哲学

亚里士多德将幸福界定为灵魂合乎德性的实现活动,但在伦理学中并未阐述实现活动是如何展开的,是如何实现幸福的。由于运气的存在,德性本身并不能保证幸福。这个任务是通过《诗学》中对悲剧的系统论述来完成的。悲剧主人公具有较好的习俗德性,但因缺乏实践智慧而尚未形成完满的德性。当其信守习俗德性并执着地进行合乎德性的行动时,便可能遭遇德性的单一性所不能容纳的实践复杂性,进而产生事与愿违的后果。通过编制一个完整的悲剧情节,实践的整个过程得以被统观,从而使人们能够理解习俗德性的局限性。这种理解培育着悲剧智慧。将悲剧智慧把握到的实践整体意义结合到当下情境的实践之中,便孕育着实践智慧。实践智慧把握住每一个具体实现活动的善及其与整体善的关联,由此便可能超越实践中的运气带来的不幸,走向幸福。就此而言,亚里士多德的《诗学》是实践哲学的内在组成部分。如果说伦理学论述的是幸福的可能性,那么诗学则论述了幸福的现实性。     

实践智慧在二十一世纪(上)

Prudence是为了实现好的行为和政治的可持续性而适用于处理偶然性的那种智识。要将prudence复原为与晚近现代之狂妄自大不同的另一种选择,人们应该考虑到,它那些与众不同的特征是如何反映出人类行为的深刻困境的。这些特征通过用以界定实践智慧话语的历史、理论、实践、结构、品质和观众等方面而得以鉴别,它们在本杂志(《现代哲学》)中分成两部分来陈述。这第一部分强调了偶然性、多元性和实践性这几个条件,并且通过对其规范的、计虑的和施行的这些表达方式的阐述来界定实践智慧。明智(审慎)的行动者就是这样的人,他平衡着各种不可通约之善、洞悉着各种可能的行动方略,以及用一种适当及适时的方式与他人进行着互动协作。     

伽达默尔实践智(phronesis)与道德生命的成长

本文由伽达默尔实践智的分析指出,实践智的诠释活动是道德生命的成长,由于前者的目的是知识的获得,后者是德性的挺立,因此,伽达默尔诠释学重回苏格拉底的名言:知识即德性.虽然实践智要理解道德概念,但它不是要把握它的逻辑内容,由此仅能增加心灵里的观念.根据伽达默尔,理解是人的存有活动,当理解完成,人的存有模式随之改变,亦即他的生命得以更新.再者,从实践智的应用概念,当道德概念应用在诠释者的处境时,道德概念给出更卓越的真理,否定他的前见,提升他的道德意识和道德生命.再从视域融合而言,实践智改变诠释者视域的局限性,让他获得更理想的道德视域,也让他得到更深入和丰富的道德生命.因此,就实践智而言,诠释活动就是道德生命的成长.最后本文反对由体验来理解道德概念,也反对由行为实践来说明道德生命的成长.     

医学:技艺还是实践理智活动?——从亚里士多德的医学之喻谈起

通过对医学之喻的使用,亚里士多德不仅在医学与伦理学的类比思考中深入揭示了二者在语言、方法、思想上的内在关联,而且还借助哲学伦理学的反思对古代医学的本质、目的和限度,尤其是医学技艺与实践理智的复杂关系做出了较为明晰的厘定和判分。在某种程度上远离实践理智,甚至远离技艺本质的现代医学,性质虽未发生根本改变,但却在一种以多元、整全、活生生的身体为对象的医学人文主义诉求中内在地呼唤实践理智的回归,以在对医学现象和医学情境的重新解释和理解中归正好自身与修身技艺、好生活的关系。     

实践智慧与实践思维中的范畴错误——从杨国荣教授的实践智慧理论谈起

杨国荣教授在新作《人类行动与实践智慧》中提出一种形而上的实践智慧理论,将事实与价值、理论与实践、实然与应然等概念统一起来。尽管实践智慧的实际运作会综合地涉及诸多方面,但要清晰呈现其内在结构,须首先详尽分析每个方面在实践中的意义和作用。实践活动针对的是复杂异质的经验对象,根据对象的不同可将其大致分为三个最高范畴和六个次级范畴或类型。实践智慧的洞察与判断力就在于分析和判断实践对象应属哪个或哪些范畴,进而以适合该类型的方式筹划实践活动。范畴归属不当便是实践思维中的范畴错误,也就是实践判断的错误。只有以确切的经验分析和判断为前提,杨国荣教授所倡导的形而上的综合性实践智慧才有可能。     

Aristotle On Well-Being And Intellectual Contemplation: Dominic Scott

In Nicomachean Ethics X 7-8, Aristotle distinguishes two kinds of eudaimonia , primary and secondary. The first corresponds to contemplation, the second to activity in accordance with moral virtue and practical reason. My task in this paper is to elucidate this distinction. Like Charles, I interpret it as one between paradigm and derivative cases; unlike him, I explain it in terms of similarity, not analogy. Furthermore, once the underlying nature of the distinction is understood, we can reconcile the claim that paradigm eudaimonia consists just in contemplation with a passage in the first book requiring eudaimonia to involve all intrinsic goods.     

实践哲学的传统与创新专题：元实践学与异质性理论——对一套实践哲学研究方案的说明

当今众多以“实践哲学”为名号的研究其实只是家族相似。该文是对笔者的实践哲学方案的说明,目的在于跟其他方案区别开来。该方案的学科名称为“元实践学”,是对实践问题的形上学探讨,学说名称为“异质性理论”,是奠基于“异质性”概念的元实践学。     

Phronesis, Poetics, and Moral Creativity

At least since Aristotle, phronesis (practical wisdom) and poetics (making or creating) have been understood as essentially different activities, one moral the other (in itself) non-moral. Today, if anything, this distinction is sharpened by a Romantic association of poetics with inner subjective expression. Recent revivals of Aristotelian ethics sometimes allow for poetic dimensions of ethics, but these are still separated from practical wisdom per se. Through a fresh reading of phronesis in the French hermeneutical phenomenologist Paul Ricoeur, I argue that phronesis should be viewed as at least in part poetic at its very core. That is, phronesis deals with the fundamentally tragic human situation of moral incommensurability, and it responds to this by making or creating new moral meaning. Such a poetics of practical wisdom helps phronesis stand up to significant and important critiques made of it by a range of modernists and post-modernists, pointing a way forward for some important contemporary moral debates.     

Incongruity and Provisional Safety: Thinking Through Humor

The aim of this paper is to reconceive safety as a form of relation embedded in particular ways of speaking, listening and thinking. Moving away from safety as a relation that is achieved once and for all and afterwards remains safe avoids some of the disappointments of discourses of safety that seem to promise once a risk is taken or a gap is bridged that thereafter relations among people will be easier and calmer. This bumpier version of safety suggests that humor creates the kind of instabilities in discourse that act, perhaps ironically, as an invitation to enjoy the difficulties of communicating complex and challenging ideas. Humor, then, creates a kind of safe space, not devoid of dramatic shifts or emotional response, but organized around those shifts as experiences that are moments apart from conflict. I explore the use of humor as a form of serious play in social justice classrooms, examining the strategies of indirect teaching, contradictory lessons, and jolting pleasure that more traditional pedagogical approaches are less able to create. I see in humor a complex form of address and interaction that plays on the multiple possibilities within an utterance or concept and by reminding classroom communities of those possibilities. Humor can erupt from shared moments and disjunctive understandings and can as easily be mobilized by teachers as by students. By reopening the possibilities of concepts and relations, humor shatters simplistic readings by literally playing out what might be said and what could be tried but often manages to combine a sense of safety via shared laughter with its disruptions.     

Hemingway's Aging Heroes and the Concept of Phronesis

This article explores the concept of phronesis (practical wisdom) in four aging protagonists in Ernest Hemingway's works ranging from the short story A Clean Well-Lighted Place to the novella The Old Man and the Sea. Phronesis represents an understanding of the ways of the world, an acute sensitivity to a critical logic of human existence that can be attained only through extensive experience and suffering. The four aging protagonists are examples of Hemingway's definition of aging productively and profitably by purchasing an inner peace that consists of an intuitive system of continuous adjustment to the exigencies of daily living.