UNDERDETERMINATION AND THE ARGUMENT FROM INDIRECT CONFIRMATION

In this paper I criticize one of the most convincing recent attempts to resist the underdetermination thesis, Laudan’s argument from indirect confirmation. Laudan highlights and rejects a tacit assumption of the underdetermination theorist, namely that theories can be confirmed only by empirical evidence that follows from them. He shows that once we accept that theories can also be confirmed indirectly, by evidence not entailed by them, the skeptical conclusion does not follow. I agree that Laudan is right to reject this assumption, but I argue that his explanation of how the rejection of this assumption blocks the skeptical conclusion is flawed. I conclude that the argument from indirect confirmation is not effective against the underdetermination thesis.     

FROM CRITICAL REALISM TO A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH: RESPONSE TO ROBBINS, VAN HUYSSTEEN, AND HEFNER

Abstract. Critical realism is a problematic philosophical doctrine that unnecessarily complicates attempts to relate theology and science. A more satisfactory approach employs the scientific methodology of Imre Lakatos for the reconstruction of theology along scientific lines. Theological research programs would automatically include auxiliary hypotheses of both theological and scientific origin.     

THE UNDERDETERMINATION/INDETERMINACY DISTINCTION AND THE ANALYTIC/SYNTHETIC DISTINCTION

Two of W. V. Quine's most familiar doctrines are his endorsement of the distinction between underdetermination and indeterminacy, and his rejection of the distinction between analytic and synthetic truths. The author argues that these two doctrines are incompatible. In terms wholly acceptable to Quine, and based on the underdetermination/indeterminacy distinction, the author draws an exhaustive and exclusive distinction between two kinds of true sentences, and then argues that this corresponds to the traditional analytic/synthetic distinction. In an appendix the author expands on one aspect of the underdetermination/indeterminacy distinction, as construed here, and discusses, in passing, some of Quine's more general views on truth.     

CLASSICAL PHYSICS AND EARLY QUANTUM THEORY: A LEGITIMATE CASE OF THEORETICAL UNDERDETERMINATION

In 1912, Henri Poincaré published an argument which apparently shows that the hypothesis of quanta is both necessary and sufficient for the truth of Planck's experimentally corroborated law describing the spectral distribution of radiant energy in a black body. In a recent paper, John Norton has reaffirmed the authority of Poincarés argument, setting it up as a paradigm case in which empirical data can be used to definitively rule out theoretical competitors to a given theoretical hypothesis. My goal is to dispute Norton's claim that there is no theoretical underdetermination problem arising between classical physics and early quantum theory. The strategy I use in defending my view is to adopt a suggestion made by Jarrett Leplin and Larry Laudan on how to assess the relative merits of competing theoretical alternatives, where each alternative has an equal capacity to save the phenomena. In the course of the paper, I distinguish between two branches of classical physics: classical mechanics and classical electromagnetism. The former is claimed by Norton and Poincaré to be determinately ruled out by the black body evidence; and it is the former that I argue is compatible with this evidence.     

FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT,CURRICULAR REVISION,AND SEVERE BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS

An adolescent female with multiple handicaps and a long history of severely disruptive behavior participated in a functional assessment linked directly to specific revisions in her school curriculum. During Phase 1, reversal designs were used to test hypotheses pertaining to antecedent and auricular influences on problem behavior. During Phase 2, a multiple baseline across afternoon and morning time periods demonstrated that the auricular revisions were effective in eliminating severely disruptive behavior and increasing on-task responding. Data also showed that inappropriate “psychotic” speech was reduced and appropriate social interactions were increased. Follow-up results showed that the changes were maintained throughout the school year. Questionnaire data provided social validation of the procedures and outcomes. The findings are discussed in relation to their implications for functional assessment, individualized curricula, and positive programming for students with disabilities and serious behavior problems.     

METHODOLOGICAL AND RELATED PROBLEMS IN CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH1

Problèmes méthodologiques des recherches interculturelles. — L'A. cherche à montrer dans quelles conditions le problème de la comparabilité des échantillons dans les études intercultuielles peut ou non trouver une solution. Il montre que les thèmes d'étude sont déterminés ethniquement, et souligne qu'il est sage pour un chercheur qui s'éloigne des frontières de son milieu naturel, de se livrer à une exploration préliminaire suffisante pour s'assurer que le thème qui L'intéresse a un sens dans ce qui est, pour lui, un cadre étranger. Le choix des instruments de recherche et leur nécessaire adaptation à deux ou plusieurs cultures, soulève des problèmes particulièrement tenaces qui peuvent être partiellement traités, via la notion de validation construite. Mais celle-ci, à son tour, élimine presque totalement la possibilité de strictes définitions opérationnelles, à moins qu'on ne puisse montrer que les opérations, quoique différentes, ont une signification équivalente. Nous pouvons continuer à faire effort pour interpréter les résultats interculturels dans des termes qui minimisent les appartenances, les déformations, les ancrages d'origine, dans lesquels nous sommes nés et dans lesquels la plupart d'entre nous ont grandi, cependant le manque presque constant de variables universelles dans les sciences sociales requiert que les jugements interprétatifs soient formulés, dans une certaine mesure, dans les termes de ces ancrages ethniques. L'A. pense, enfin, que la plupart des problèmes inhérents aux recherches interculturelles, se rencontrent également dans des études culturellement restreintes; ils sont quelquefois évidents, ils sont rarement totalement absents. Leur intrusion récurrente dans les comparaisons interculturelles requiert qu'on leur prête une particulière attention. Reconnaître qu'ils sont le prolongement de problèmes latents dans presque toutes les études psychosociologiques, peut attirer L'attention des chercheurs qui travaillent “à domicile”, sur leur importance.     

JAPANESE AMERICAN WARTIME EXPERIENCE,TAMOTSU SHIBUTANI AND METHODOLOGICAL INNOVATION, 1942–1978

A case study of how wartime internment reverberated in the life and work of Japanese American intellectuals, this essay discusses the career and interests of Tamotsu Shibutani, a sociologist who began his training as part of Dorothy Swaine Thomas’ Japanese American Evacuation and Resettlement Study (JERS). Though recent scholarship has noted some of the ethical problems that attended the use of Japanese American participant observers during the war, this essay concentrates instead on how interned intellectuals responded to their double role of both researcher (and intellectual) and object of study. I argue that in the case of Shibutani, his circumstances and identity shaped his scholarship, both as an academic endeavor and a political project. By tracking Shibutani's postwar scholarly activities, I show that his wartime experiences—as an internee, military officer, and participant‐observer—reverberated in his sociological publications long after the war's end.     

皮亞杰关于儿童智慧发展的年龄阶段理論及其有关的方法学問題

儿童智慧或心理的年龄阶段的划分表面看来是个具体問題,但实质上,却牵涉重大的实际問題和理论問題。 在实践方面,学制改革中的心理学問題,特別是与所謂“量力性原則”有关的一系列問題,是和儿童心理发展的年龄阶段的划分有密切联系的。“不能理解儿童的心理,就談不上从儿童的实际出发进行教育”“只有符合儿童的发展規律,才能为儿童所接受”。(人民     

SITUATIONAL JUDGMENT TESTS, RESPONSE INSTRUCTIONS, AND VALIDITY: A META-ANALYSIS

Situational judgment tests (SJTs) are personnel selection instruments that present job applicants with work-related situations and possible responses to the situations. There are typically 2 types of instructions: behavioral tendency and knowledge. Behavioral tendency instructions ask respondents to identify how they would likely behave in a given situation. Knowledge instructions ask respondents to evaluate the effectiveness of possible responses to a given situation. Results showed that response instructions influenced the constructs measured by the tests. Tests with knowledge instructions had higher correlations with cognitive ability. Tests with behavioral tendency instructions showed higher correlations with personality constructs. Results also showed that response instructions had little moderating effect on criterion-related validity. Supplemental analyses showed that the moderating effect of response instructions on construct validity was not due to systematic differences in item content. SJTs have incremental validity over cognitive ability, the Big 5, and over a composite of cognitive ability and the Big 5.