张载"和"论探微

张载是宋儒中讲"和"最多、有着关于"和"的丰富思想的理学家之一.其"和"论具体体现在"太和"、"心和"、"中和"以及"仇必和而解"、"民胞物与"等概念或命题中.从宇宙论层面的"太和",到道德心性论层面的"心和"、"中和",再到社会伦理层面的"民胞物与",形成了一个完整严密的天人合一"和"论体系.此论上承<易>、<孟>、<庸>等"和"的思想,下启宋明理学以"和"为取向的心性修养论.张载"和"论对其体系的"天人合一"特征、道德心性论特质的彰显,有着重要的理论意义.对于当代建立和谐社会、和谐世界也有着重要的方法论意义.     

走出"藏象"概念的误区--论"藏"与"象"的辩证关系

1"藏"与"象"的关系反映了"器"与"道"的辨证关系 "器"与"道"这对概念,属于哲学的范畴."器"与"道"的关系问题,是中国古代哲学中根本问题.古代唯物主义哲学家王安石、张载、王夫之等一再强调"器"是第一性的、本源的,而道只是第二性的、派生的.具体点说,"器"是体,"道"为用,"道"在"器"中,故学"器"应该学"道";"器"在先,"道"在后,"道""器"无相离,故变"器"必然变"道".     

从"玄之又玄"到"重玄"的演变

从"玄之又玄"到"重玄"经历了一个演变过程."玄之又玄"本意是"幽远而又幽远",指道的不可知性与终极性."重玄"的最初含义是"重天",佛道两教学者用它来指宗教的终极境界.隋唐时期"重玄"与"双遣"连用,指"遣有、遣无、遣其遣"的三重否定思想方法."重玄"与"双遣"的结合标志着从"玄之又玄"向"重玄"的转变最终完成.     

朱熹鬼神论的理论张力——以《中庸》“体物而不可遗”的诠释为例

本文以《中庸》鬼神章"体物而不可遗"为线索,探讨朱熹对此句的解释中存在的两重可能性。首先,"鬼神"为物之"体",此"体"为经验意义之先在与构成之意,然而朱熹还以《中庸》之"诚"论"体物而不可遗",如此则"体"变成"体用论"之"体",这可能是受到了张载"天体物而不遗"的影响。但最终,只要我们区分"鬼神"与"鬼神之德",以前者为形而下,后者为形而上,那么上述两种"体"都能得到很好的对应而不存在问题。     

论朱熹哲学在王夫之哲学形成过程中的历史作用

清朝经学家唐鉴在谈到王夫之的学术思想时曾说过:“其为学也,由关而洛而闽,力诋殊途、归宿正轨、……先生之学宗程、朱于是可见矣。”(《清学案小识》)此语虽并不全面,但却从一个方面道出了王夫之哲学与张载哲学及朱熹哲学的学术渊源关系。这就是:王夫之哲学虽是在继承、发展张载哲学的基础上形成的,然王夫之所以能继承、发展张载的哲学思想,把中国古代朴素唯物主义推向最高峰,则与朱熹哲学在其中所起的中间环节的历史作用是分不开的。     

论张载的生态伦理观及其天道论基础——兼论张载生态伦理观的现代意义

在张载理学思想中,含有丰富的生态伦理观,包括"太和"之道、"天人合一"、"乾父坤母"、"民胞物与"等著名命题。张载的生态伦理观与社会伦理观之间具有很强的相关性乃至一致性,而这二者又都是以张载的天道论或宇宙论哲学为基础的。以天道论或宇宙论哲学为基础的张载生态伦理观,其内容主要包括两个方面:其一,"太和"之道、"天人合一":人与自然和谐的原理;其二,"乾父坤母"、"民胞物与":人与自然和谐的根源和准则。张载人与自然和谐观对于今天重建人与自然之间的新型关系具有重要的启迪意义。     

称手(zuhanden)的"知—道"——王阳明"知行合一"思想的现象学分析

王阳明的知行合一之说与其"心即理"的核心思想有着重要的内在关联,且二者都与其解决"物理吾心判而为二"的思想困惑密切相关.阳明思想中的"心"往往意味着在生活"之中"的"投入"体验.此"理"是生活境域中的"活理",不再是脱离构成域的概念本质.生活中的活理自然是"知行合一"的.把知与行分作"两件"时,已不是"知行本体",即不是知行的原本状态了.知与行的原本状态是自然的合一的,是"紧切着实"的关系."行"是"知"的不可分割的构成性的边缘境域.     

张载对“形而上”的辨析及其天道本体的确立

宋明理学与汉唐儒学的一个基本区别就在于是否拥有形上视角,因而,能否从形上角度重塑儒家的天道本体,便成为宋明理学超越于汉唐儒学的标志。在代表开创理学的"北宋五子"中,张载直面佛教的理论冲击,并在吸取佛教形上智慧的基础上,对天道本体展开了多重探索。在张载对"形而上"的辨析中,"形而上者,得辞斯得象"与"得意斯得名,得名斯得象",代表了他对天道本体及其形成进路的思考,并由此甄别"太虚"与"太极",最后以"太和"代表二者超越的统一;继而通过"其性"与"其形"的比较,将"太虚"与"太极"的统一拓展为一种本体宇宙论,这就成为二程"天理论"、程朱理气关系及其"理一分殊"说的根源。而由张载提出的"诚明两进",又为程朱理学与陆王心学两种不同的为学进路开辟了道路。     

"象思维"视野下的"易道"

"易道"的根本在于,观物取象,并进而在象的流动与转化中洞察出卦象,由卦象以尽意."象思维"的本质在于"非实体性",而这种非实体性使<周易>的象思维具有"原发创生"性,并且表现出与西方实体性的概念思维本质不同.从原发创生的视角观之,历史上和今天关于卦爻之象数与卦爻辞哪个根本的问题,可以归结为原发创生的"筑象"过程."原发创生",就是无极而太极之生,是"无中生有"和"有中见无"之生.     

张载"气论"哲学的"两一"架构

张载深刻思考差异与统一之关系而提出的"两一"架构,是其"气论"哲学的核心线索.这一思想架构将旧有宇宙论的"一生两"逻辑转变为"有两则有一",从而在形而上学层面解决了本原之"一"产生差异之"两"缺乏逻辑必然性的问题,将"一"理解为以差异性为前提的统一性;同时,在价值论层面通过"两一"之"一"的非现成化明确揭示了其作为差异...     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

"石狮"、"风水"与"吉祥"

谁都知道,在古老的中国,不管是衙门、宫殿、庙宇的门前,还是豪宅、大户人家的门口,人们都能看到摆着一对石狮。据说,这对石狮子在许多中国人的心目中,它不但是一种气派的象征,而且还是一种被人认为是好的“吉祥物”。如今,旧时的衙门没有了,但遗留下来的宫殿、庙宇的门前,其中有些石狮仍有保存。然而,想像不到的是,这号称“吉祥物”的石狮今天却开始“走”进某些党政机关的大门口,它们(石狮)在那里时时都在保护着这些政府要员“平平安安”、“吉祥如意”。这不仅使我联想起一些极端的报道,有些政府官员为升迁,请算命先生定位,用风水术为政府…     

从"管制"到"平衡"--政府与公众理想关系模式的构建及其制度化

论文从行政民主的角度探讨政府与公众之间的理想关系模式及其制度化构建过程 ,将我国在改革之前的政府与公众模式概括为管制模式。论文指出 ,在制度变迁的过程中 ,这一模式日益受到挑战。而在新的制度环境下 ,我国政府与公众的关系模式应该是平衡模式。这一模式的制度化措施包括培育自主的市民社会 ,赋予公众以独立的活动空间 ;促进行政公开 ,建立一个开放负责的政府 ;推进行政法建设 ,抑制行政恣意     

PREFERRING "HOUSEWIVES" TO "FEMINISTS"

Four studies are described outlining the favorability of attitudes toward women. In Study 1, participants indicated their attitudes toward women and men and their construal of the term "women". The results revealed that women were evaluated more favorably than men, but that male right-wing authoritarians (RWAs) who construed women as referring primarily to feminists were least favorable in their attitudes. In Study 2, participants indicated their attitudes toward both "housewives" and "feminists". The results revealed that feminists were evaluated less favorably than housewives, and that the most negative attitudes toward feminists were expressed by authoritarian men. Study 3 revealed that high-RWA males held more negative symbolic beliefs concerning feminists (i.e., beliefs that feminists failed to promote participants'values) and that these beliefs accounted for variation in attitudes among high RWAs and much of the RWA-attitude relation. Finally, Study 4 revealed that high RWAs perceived greater value dissimilarity between them-selves and feminists. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed.     

"Us" and "Them":

Abstract: In the Aristotelian tradition, politics is a matter of public deliberation over questions of justice and injustice. The Bush administration's response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, has been uniformly hostile to this notion, and it has instead promoted a jingoistic politics of self‐assertion by an America largely identified with the executive branch of its government. This is doubly disturbing, as the executive branch has sought to free itself from international law, multinational commitments, and domestic judicial regulation, even as it has sought to validate itself by demonizing its enemies. This essay draws out the disturbing echoes here of Carl Schmitt's work of the 1920s, in particular of Schmitt's conception of the sovereign as the ungrounded ground of the law and the political as the site of mortal conflict between friend and enemy. The essay argues that Schmitt's position in the twenties, for all of its evident problems, is superior to that of Bush, Wolfowitz, and Ashcroft in at least two senses: Schmitt condemns the idea of waging war for profit and recognizes that such wars will often be disguised as moral crusades waged against the “inhuman”; and he acknowledges that claiming to fight a war for humanity denies one's enemies their humanity, leaving them open to torture and even extermination.