成人脑波涨落图功率空间构型的年龄变化特点

本工作研究了１２０名２０－７９岁正常成人的脑波涨落功率空间构型的年龄变化特点。结果表明,随着年龄增长,脑波超慢涨落系统平均功率及主要谱线功率前脑与后脑（包括额区与枕区）比值明显增大,表明额低枕高的梯度减小以至逆转,左脑与右脑（包括左颞与右颞）比值趋近于１,表明左右不对称性程度减弱,但变化较小。     

6—12岁儿童脑波超慢功率涨落分布及发展特点

对172名6-12岁的正常儿童进行脑波超慢功率涨落特点的研究。结果表明：(1)各组优势涨落平均功率空间分布表现出额低枕高的前后梯度;(2)随着年龄的增加,不同的脑区其发展趋势是不同的,且逆转现象逐渐减少;(3)左右脑表现出左小右大的不对称性;(4)男女生脑波优势涨落功率的空间分布、逆转趋势、方位等有差异。上述结果说明,脑波超慢功率涨落与儿童的成熟过程及功能状态有密切关系。     

与年龄及认知功能相关的成人脑波功率涨落图特点

对１２０名２０－７９岁正常受试者完成了与年龄及认知功能相关的脑涨落图特点的研究。结果表明：（１）脑波优势涨落功率空间构型额低枕高梯度的随龄减小过程,在认知测验差组较好组明显;（２）脑波优势涨落功率受年龄与认知因素的交互影响集中于左前右后脑轴上;（３）脑波优势涨落功率前后梯度和左右不对称性变化表明,脑波活动的前后和左右调控可能在不同层次上发挥作用,并且,前后脑和左右脑的协调活动与认知功能有密切关系。上述结果说明,脑波功率涨落与认知功能及其老化过程有密切关系。     

记忆状态下儿童青少年脑波超慢涨落特点的研究

用ET技术对24名7—18岁的儿童青少年进行了静息状态和记忆状态下脑电超慢涨落特点的比较研究,结果表明,在记忆状态下：(1)被试S1、S2频率明显下降,记忆成绩好的被试这一特点更为明显;(2)男生左脑功率明显下降,女生右脑功率明显上升;(3)左脑优势被试左前脑功率下降,右脑优势被试右前脑功率上升。     

中小学生智力发展的脑电图研究

利用脑ET技术对认知功能正常的被试进行智力发展的脑电图研究。结果表明:(1)随着年龄的增长,小学生脑α波的平均频率呈明显的上升趋势,而中学生的变化幅度不大,但明显超过60年代的同期水平;(2)脑波平均频率的空间分布表现出额低枕高的前后梯度,在年龄低组被试有逆转现象,随年龄的增长,逆转现象减少,大脑的有序程度逐渐增强;(3)小学生的信息加工速度与脑α波的关系并不十分明显,而其脑波频率的分布和发展特点与计算速度有着根本的联系。中学生的表象能力与不同脑区平均频率的关系因年龄不同而有所差异,主要表现为在右顶叶、右前颞叶、右后颞叶和左后颞叶区域,表象能力好组频率大于差组。     

应用脑波超慢涨落技术研究民航飞行员心理疲劳的可行性及切入点

脑波超慢涨落技术(encephal of luctuograph technology,ET)以其独特的测评功效已经在临床医学、体育等领域得到较多应用。本文通过对ET的技术原理、关键测评功效及该技术在有关领域的应用现状分析,论证了应用脑波超慢涨落技术研究民航飞行员心理疲劳的可行性。根据对目前民航飞行员心理疲劳研究现状、存在的主要问题及开展民航飞行员心理疲劳研究的必要性的讨论,提出了应用ET技术系统开展民航飞行员心理疲劳研究的主要切入点。     

规则的不同特点对儿童判断的影响

本研究探讨不同领域的规则(安全领域规则,个人领域规则)和不同的规则提出者(成人权威,同辈权威)对儿童判断的影响。研究考察了48名4~7岁的儿童在道义推理、奖惩判断、愿望理解和行为判断的发展变化特点。结果表明:(1)直到7岁儿童才能根据规则的不同特点做出不同的判断,7岁儿童预测更不应该违反安全领域规则,违反安全领域规则和成人权威制定的规则后应该受到更多的批评,而4岁组和5岁组儿童在不同规则情境下的判断没有显著差异;(2)各年龄组儿童预测应该给予表扬的数量在各情境下没有显著差异;(3)在规则与愿望相冲突时,高年龄组儿童比低年龄组儿童更多地报告主人公会坚持自己的愿望;(4)在预测主人公是否会违反规则上,各年龄组在不同规则情境下均无显著差异。     

认知电位研究方法的进展和趋势

脑电图 (ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｅｎｃｅｐｈａｌｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＥＥＧ)或称脑波(ｂｒａｉｎｗａｖｅ)是反映脑功能的客观指标 ,其意义的确定依赖神经科学和心理科学。在受控实验中 ,用各类刺激和受试者的行为等为“标志”将ＥＥＧ分割成片段 (事件相关脑波 ,ｅｖｅｎｔ ｒｅｌａｔｅｄＥＥＧ) ,分类叠加及平均这些脑波片段即获得平均事件相关电位 (ｅｖｅｎｔ ｒｅｌａｔｅｄｐｏ ｔｅｎｔｉａｌｓ ,ＥＲＰ) ,ＥＲＰ又称认知电位 (ｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｖｅｐｏｔｅｎ ｔｉａｌｓ)。认知电位研究方法的进展和趋势主要表现在三方面 :( 1 )用非线性理论和…     

如何正确认识左脑和右脑的功能问题——介绍日本神经心理学家八田武志的有关研究

本文介绍了日本神经心理学家八田武志助教授关于左、右脑功能问题的新的研究结果:(一)人的左脑和右脑的功能差异是相对的。不论言语材料的认知,还是非言语材料的认知,都是因信息处理水平和方式的不同,时而左脑优势对而右脑优势的;不能简单地说:“××是左脑优势,××是右脑优势”。(二)随着儿童的身心发展,其左、右脑的功能差异是处于动态变化之中的,而且左、右脑之间的联系和协同活动日益增强;“现代教育只是使用左脑,必须开展右脑教育”的说法,是没有科学根据的。(三)人的左、右脑的功能可能出生时就有某些差异,但是在发展过程中,左、右脑的正常联系和协同活动才是人的智能活动的基础;认为“人可以分为右脑型的和左脑型的”,是不正确的。     

不同喉罩对右颈内静脉穿刺点的影响

观察三种常用喉罩置入后对右颈内静脉解剖位置及其本身的影响,选择最佳的穿刺位置.90例患者随机分为:Proseal组(P组,n=30)和Supreme组(S组,n=30)和SLIPA组(A组,n=30),使用多普勒超声在低位(锁骨上窝2cm水平)、中位(胸锁乳突肌三角顶点水平)及高位(胸锁乳突肌前缘中点),观察喉罩置入前后颈内静脉前后直径、横截面积、同颈总动脉间距离及二者重叠率的变化.结果在低位穿刺点三组喉罩置入前后各指标组内及组间比较均无显著性意义(P＞0.01);在中位穿刺点喉罩置入前后A组各指标差异组内比较无显著性意义(P＞0.01),S组和P组患者的各指标差异组内及组间比较均有显著性意义(P＜0.01);在高位穿刺点三组患者喉罩置入前后各指标差异组内比较有显著性意义(P＜0.01).使用三种喉罩时,对低位右颈内静脉解剖特点及位置无影响,可作为使用喉罩时右颈内静脉穿刺首选解剖位置.     

THE PROBLEM OF ASSESSING EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS

The capacities for formulating goals, planning, and carrying out plans effectively - the executive functions - are essential for independent, creative, and socially constructive behavior. Although they tend to be vulnerable to brain impairment, they are often overlooked in neuropsychological and neurological examinations. Reasons why there are few formalized examination procedures for evaluating executive functions are suggested. Prefrontal contributions and the importance of other brain areas (e.g., subcortical, right hemisphere) to executive functions are discussed. Assessment techniques are presented for evaluating four categories of executive capacities: (1) goal formulation, (2) planning, (3) carrying out goal-directed plans, and (4) effective performance. The Tinkertoy Test®, which can provide information about these capacities, is described in some detail. Need for further exploration in this area is emphasized.     

Hemispheric differences in a letter classification task

The experiment examined hemispheric differences in same-different judgments for unilaterally presented letter pairs which could be classified as “same” on the basis of name identity (NI, e.g., Aa) or physical identity (PI, e.g., AA). Two groups of Ss were tested, a right-handed group and a predominantly left-handed group. The experiment employed a reaction time measure, and fixed the duration of brief exposures to yield an overall performance level of 90% correct. Analysis of the results focused on the difference between RTs for the NI matches and for the PI matches in each hemisphere. The method allowed differences in cognitive processing to be assessed while sensory and response factors were minimized. The right-handed group all showed a smaller mean NI-PI difference in the left hemisphere (84 msec) than in the right hemisphere (181 msec). The left-handed group showed smaller and less consistent differences, but the group as a whole had a reversed asymmetry, with a mean NI-PI difference of 128 msee in the left hemisphere and 90 msec in the right hemisphere.     

Manual localization of lateralized visual targets

The effects of visual field, responding limb and extrapersonal space on the ability to localize visual targets using slow positioning movements of the arm were examined. Special contact lenses were used to lateralize visual information and to make comparisons with localization under monocular control conditions. Subjects made slow positioning movements to place a cursor directly beneath target lights. They saw target lights but not the moving limb during the trial. For directional error, results indicated that subjects were more accurate localizing targets lateralized to the right hemisphere than targets lateralized to the left hemisphere, indicating right hemisphere superiority for localization of visual targets in grasping space. Localization performance was significantly better with the right hand than the left hand. the left hand demonstrated a directional bias to the right of the targets. Responding hand and visual field did not interact. Finally, contrary to subjects' awareness and verbal reports, target localization was not less accurate in lens than in monocular control conditions. This was true for both amplitude and directional error. This is consistent with other studies where visual information about limb position is not available.     

汉字视听再认的ERP效应与记忆提取脑机制

测定了正常青年人汉字再认的事件相关电位(ERP)。观察到对听觉汉字的认知产生“持续中央负成分”,而视觉汉字的认知出现“晚期正成分”,提示汉字的视听认知具有不同的脑机制。汉字视听认知皆出现了新旧效应,即旧词皆引起ERP晚期成分的正走向变化,但视听新旧效应的起始时间与头皮分布不同,听觉效应为右半球优势,视觉效应则出现在左侧顶叶、左侧颞叶后部与右侧枕叶。以上实验结果提示,“优势半球”概念已难以概括半球间的多维动态关系,需要修正。     

Hemispheric asymmetries in the activation and monitoring of memory errors

Previous research on the lateralization of memory errors suggests that the right hemisphere's tendency to produce more memory errors than the left hemisphere reflects hemispheric differences in semantic activation. However, all prior research that has examined the lateralization of memory errors has used self-paced recognition judgments. Because activation occurs early in memory retrieval, with more time to make a decision, other memory processes, like strategic monitoring processes, may affect memory errors. By manipulating the time subjects were given to make memory decisions, this study separated the influence of automatic memory processes (activation) from strategic memory processes (monitoring) on the production of false memories. The results indicated that when retrieval was fast, the right hemisphere produced more memory errors than the left hemisphere. However, when retrieval was slow, the left hemisphere's error-proneness increased compared to the fast retrieval condition, while the right hemisphere's error-proneness remained the same. These results suggest that the right hemisphere's errors are largely due to activation, while the left hemisphere's errors are influenced by both activation and monitoring.     

Kinematic Analyses of Manual Asymmetries in Visual Aiming Movements

The right hand advantage has been thought to arise from the greater efficiency of the right hand/left hemisphere system in processing visual feedback information. This hypothesis was examined using kinematic analyses of aiming performance, focusing particularly on time after peak velocity which has been shown to be sensitive to visual feedback processing demands. Eight right-handed subjects pointed at two targets with their left and right hands with or without vision available and either as accurately or as fast as possible. Pointing errors and movement time were found to be smaller with the right hand. Analyses of the temporal componenets of movement time revealed that the hands differed only in time after peak velocity (in deceleration), with the right hand spending significantly less time. This advantage for the right hand, however, was apparent whether or not vision was available and only when accuracy was emphasized in performance. These findings suggest that the right hand system may be more efficient at processing feedback information whether this be visual or nonvisual (e.g., proprioceptive).     

Bimanual tapping of a syncopated rhythm reveals hemispheric preferences for relative movement frequencies

In bimanual multifrequency tapping, right-handers commonly use the right hand to tap the relatively higher rate and the left hand to tap the relatively lower rate. This could be due to hemispheric specializations for the processing of relative frequencies. An extension of the double-filtering-by-frequency theory to motor control proposes a left hemispheric specialization for the control of relatively high and a right hemispheric specialization for the control of relatively low tapping rates. We investigated timing variability and rhythmic accentuation in right handers tapping mono- and multifrequent bimanual rhythms to test the predictions of the double-filtering-by-frequency theory. Yet, hemispheric specializations for the processing of relative tapping rates could be masked by a left hemispheric dominance for the control of known sequences. Tapping was thus either performed in an overlearned quadruple meter (tap of the slow rhythm on the first auditory beat) or in a syncopated quadruple meter (tap of the slow rhythm on the fourth auditory beat). Independent of syncopation, the right hand outperformed the left hand in timing accuracy for fast tapping. A left hand timing benefit for slow tapping rates as predicted by the double-filtering-by-frequency theory was only found in the syncopated tapping group. This suggests a right hemisphere preference for the control of slow tapping rates when rhythms are not overlearned. Error rates indicate that overlearned rhythms represent hierarchically structured meters that are controlled by a single timer that could potentially reside in the left hemisphere.     

THE INTERPLAY OF THE TWO HEMISPHERES OF THE BRAIN IN PSYCHOANALYSIS

Several authors have written intriguingly about the right and left hemispheres of the brain. Each hemisphere perceives the world differently, impacting that which it looks upon and reinforcing our particular world view. Notably, the left hemisphere, has always been assumed to be the dominant hemisphere, but only because it has language and is so adept at formulating arguments. The detached mode of the left hemisphere, while useful and necessary to get distance, is no more real than the engaged, imaginative approach of the right hemisphere. Having written about self-sufficiency as a defense against feeling alone and helpless, I now consider these rational, problem solving, answer generating, and planning activities as products of the left hemisphere. The approach that I am suggesting is of calling our patients’ attention to how their left hemisphere overpowers the new, more uncertain voice of the right hemisphere just after it speaks in a session.     

Dichotic listening performance to CVs between versus within groups

The present study is concerned with comparing group mean data between groups with individual performance within groups in dichotic listening (DL). It is argued that only comparing mean ear performance in dichotic listening between groups may obscure important individual differences within groups in DL performance. In the present study we compared between group vs. within group performance in four groups of subjects (male and female, right- and left-handers). The stimuli were 66 trials of consonant-vowel combinations with the six stop-consonants and the vowels a and u. The results showed a group mean right ear advantage for consonants in the two right-handed groups, and a left-ear advantage in the two let-handed groups. The analysis of the individual distributions within each group, however, showed clear differences between the male and female groups. Generally, though, only the male right-handed group revealed enough homogeneity within the group to warrant the conclusion that the group mean REA reflects a left hemisphere specialization for speech perception.