教师变量对小学生数学学习观影响的多层线性分析

32名小学数学教师与这些教师所教班级的1691名学生参与了本研究.两个测量工具评价了教师的数学学科知识与学科教学知识,对教师的55节数学课进行了录像;并按照学习任务的认知水平与课堂对话的特点进行了编码,采用问卷法测查了学生对数学学习的看法与态度.多水平分析表明:教师的学科教学知识、课堂学习任务的认知水平、课堂师生对话的权威来源与教师运用学生想法的程度对学生数学学习观具有显著预测作用;教师的学科知识对学生数学学习观的预测未达到显著性水平.     

学科领域知识与数学学习的知识表征研究

根据领域知识的结构特点对初中数学学科知识作出改编和重组,形成数学学科领域知识单元进行教学实验,以215名普通初中二年级学生为被试,通过自编问卷和深度访谈考察学科领域知识对知识表征的影响,并探讨了知识表征与数学学业成绩之间的关系。研究发现:(1)学科领域知识可以显著提高学生数学陈述性知识表征全面性和总体水平;(2)学科领域知识可以显著提高学生的程序性知识表征全面性、自动化、组织性和总体水平;(3)认知结构三要素、陈述性知识表征及程序性知识表征与数学成绩显著相关;(4)学优生的陈述性知识表征准确性、总体水平和程序性知识表征组织性、总体水平显著高于中等生和学困生。     

小学四年级数学诊断性测验的编制与研究

诊断性测验是诊断性评价的工具。本研究以教育测量与评价的基本原理为指导,按照诊断性测验编制的方法和步骤,在详细制定了小学四年级数学教学目标体系的基础上编制出《小学四年级数学诊断性测验》并获取了该测验的信度和效度证据。本研究对中小学各科诊断性测验的编制具有普遍的指导意义,所编测验对于诊断学生学习困难、弥补教学不足有实际应用价值。     

小学教师课堂信息加工能力的研究

研究采用小学语文和数学教学录像为实验材料,以98名小学语文数学教师、其他学科教师和非教师为研究对象,运用反应时测量法探讨小学教师加工不同类型课堂信息的速度和辨别能力。结果表明:有学科教学经验的教师(语文和数学教师)在重视学科教学内容的同时,也重视课堂教学活动的组织和课堂气氛的调节;学科知识、学科教学经验和课堂教学经验对教师的课堂信息加工能力和教学专长发展有显著的影响;研究结论对提高教师课堂教学能力、教学专长以及教师培训提供了有力的实验证据。     

小学语文和数学教师课堂信息加工能力的研究

本研究采用小学语文和数学视频教学录象为实验材料,以小学语文和数学教师为研究对象,运用反应时测量法探讨小学语文和数学教师对不同类型课堂信息的加工速度和辨别能力。研究结果表明:小学语文和数学教师处理课堂背景信息方面采用了相似的策略,忽略与课堂教学无关信息;语文和数学教师在处理课堂信息方面表现出明显的学科差异,语文教师更注重课堂活动的组织与课堂气氛的调节,数学教师强调学科内容教学本身的精确性;小学语文教师处理课堂活动信息的加工速度显著快于数学教师。本研究的结论对小学教师培训有一定的启示。     

小学生数学问题解决与心理表征

本研究的目的是揭示数学能力和心理表征之间的关系。我们的假设是数学成绩好的儿童心理表征能力也强。参加实验的被试是64名在校的小学5年级学生,他们的年龄是11─12岁,男女各半。数学测验包括两部分,一部分是需要直接空间表象操作的题目,另一部分是需要逻辑推理和图式知识进行计算的应用题。心理表征能力用的是两项空间表象操作测验:Form Board Test(FT)和Surface Development Test(ST).结果表明儿童的数学测验成绩和空间表征能力呈正相关,数学测验成绩得分高的儿童空间表征测验的得分也高,说明小学生数学问题解决能力与空间表象操作能力有密切的关系。     

实践社区成员的自我效能感对知识传播过程和效果的影响

通过自编实践社区成员自我效能感问卷以及知识传播过程和效果问卷对宁夏、重庆两地200名企业实践社区成员进行测量,以研究自我效能感对知识传播过程及效果的影响。结果表明,问卷具有良好的信度和效度;自我效能感不同的实践社区成员在知识传播过程和效果方面存在显著的差异,可以利用自我效能感来预测实践社区知识传播的过程和效果。     

职业心理综合测验的编制

1 .前言　　职业心理综合测验是用于职业指导和职业招聘的综合性心理测验 ,包括职业兴趣测验 ,职业能力倾向测验和职业人格测验。根据人 -职匹配理论 ,个体差异是普遍存在的 ,每一个个体都有自己的个性特征 ,而每一种职业由于其工作性质、环境、条件、方式的不同 ,对工作者的能力、知识、技能、性格、气质等心理素质有不同的要求。进行职业决策 ,如选拔、安置、职业指导时 ,就要根据一个人的个性特征来选择与之相对应的职业种类。实践表明 ,一个人的能力特点和个性特点与他所从事的工作的匹配程度 ,直接影响着工作的成效。虽然能力可在实践…     

数学能力发展水平不同的学生的创造性思维的比较研究

本研究结果表明,数学能力的强弱同创造性思维能力的高低基本上成正比。但在一般发散思维能力上,这种关系对数学能力强的学生来说,不是绝对的。一般发散思维能力和数学发散思维能力虽有关联,但却是两种不同性质的能力;在解决数学问题时,数学发散思维是不可缺少的重要成分,可作为鉴别学生数学能力强弱的一个重要标志;在一般创造性思维测验和数学创造性思维测验中,男女学生之间无显著性差异。     

能力测验的本质新论

长久以来,人们迷信于能力测验,常凭测验的结果对一个人的能力做出判断,并用它预测一个人未来成就的高低。而斯腾伯格(R．J．Sternberg)最近却提出了一个批判性的观点,认为所谓的“能力测验”和任何学业或职业成就测验是一样的,它测的也是个体正在发展中的某种专门知识技能的暂时水平,其测验结果并不能说明一个人的能力,也不能用作预测。并由此提出此观点对教育的几点启示。     

社会认知基本维度与主观幸福感：未来时间洞察力的中介作用

基于社会认知双视角模型和人类适应机制,探讨能动性和表达性与主观幸福感的关系及其作用机制,采用社会认知基本维度形容词词库、未来时间洞察力问卷和幸福感指数量表对全国21个省市居民进行调查,共回收有效问卷4071份,其中男性1714人（42.1%）,女性2342人（57.5%）。结果表明：（1）能动性、表达性显著正向预测主观幸福,且能动性的预测效力大于表达性;未来时间洞察力显著正向预测主观幸福感;（2）能动性、表达性能通过未来时间洞察力的中介作用间接预测个人主观幸福感。本研究结果有利于揭示能动性、表达性如何影响个体主观幸福感体验,以及能动性、表达性对主观幸福感的影响程度,对于提升个人主观幸福感有一定启示意义。     

Pedagogical imagination and practical wisdom: the role of success-narratives in teacher education and professional development

There is an increasing awareness that teaching is a practice where moral action is inseparable from pedagogical action, and where wise deliberation or reflection on what course of action to take as an educator is an important part of being a good teacher. This article focuses on rethinking the role of narratives as an articulation of such practical knowledge and the enrichment they might bring to a teacher’s pedagogical imagination. Working within a conceptual framework drawing on Schön and Aristotle, the study presents a group of narratives describing successful conflict resolution told by students at a newly launched teacher education program. These are discussed as part of a teachers practice repertoire and the argument is made that the local and personal repertoires of practitioners need to be complemented with elements from the repertoire of others, something systematic research into narratives of teaching in action can be part of.     

Two‐year‐old children preferentially transmit simple actions but not pedagogically demonstrated actions

Children are sensitive to both social and non‐social aspects of the learning environment. Among social cues, pedagogical communication has been shown to not only play a role in children's learning, but also in their own active transmission of knowledge. Vredenburgh, Kushnir and Casasola, Developmental Science, 2015, 18, 645 showed that 2‐year‐olds are more likely to demonstrate an action to a naive adult after learning it in a pedagogical than in a non‐pedagogical context. This finding was interpreted as evidence that pedagogically transmitted information has a special status as culturally relevant. Here we test the limits of this claim by setting it in contrast with an explanation in which the relevance of information is the outcome of multiple interacting social (e.g., pedagogical demonstration) and non‐social properties (e.g., action complexity). To test these competing hypotheses, we varied both pedagogical cues and action complexity in an information transmission paradigm with 2‐year‐old children. In Experiment 1, children preferentially transmitted simple non‐pedagogically demonstrated actions over pedagogically demonstrated more complex actions. In Experiment 2, when both actions were matched for complexity, we found no evidence of preferential transmission of pedagogically demonstrated actions. We discuss possible reasons for the discrepancy between our results and previous literature showing an effect of pedagogical cues on cultural transmission, and conclude that our results are compatible with the view that pedagogical and other cues interact, but incompatible with the theory of a privileged role for pedagogical cues.     

Pedagogical cliff‐jumping

This article chronicles how Introduction to the Study of Religion has become my favorite course to teach. In it, I narrate my process of pedagogical reinvention and syllabus redesign. Framed by professional and personal backstories, I share my pedagogical desires, list some pedagogical cues I took, and articulate pedagogical decisions and associated wagers. (Along the way, I draw on a range of disciplinary, interdisciplinary, and pedagogical materials as guides.) Then I tell how my Intro course realized these elements in its design and its execution. By doing so, I make a case for taking pedagogical risks and for reinventing Intro courses as performative responses to the practical and disciplinary question “how might we study religion?”     

Declarative knowledge and professional vision in teacher education: Effect of courses in teaching and learning

Background. Teachers’ professional vision includes the ability to apply general pedagogical knowledge about components of effective teaching and learning to reason about significant features of classroom practice. It requires teachers to (a) describe, (b) explain, and (c) predict classroom situations. Although the acquisition of underling knowledge can be considered as a key element of university‐based teacher education programmes, to date, there has been little empirical research on teacher candidates’ development of professional vision. Aims. This study aims to improve understanding of how different university‐based courses in teaching and learning impact the development of professional vision. Sample. Participants were teacher candidates (N= 53) attending the same teacher education programme at a German university. They were enrolled in one of three different compulsory courses in teaching and learning, lasting one semester. Methods. In a pre‐test–post‐test design, participants’ declarative knowledge about teaching and learning was measured with a test, professional vision with the online tool Observer. Analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of variance were conducted. Results. Teacher candidates in all three courses showed significant gains both in declarative knowledge and professional vision. Patterns of results differed depending on the course attended. A video‐based course with a focus on effective teaching resulted in highest gains in prediction of the consequences of observed events for student learning processes, which is the highest level of knowledge transfer. Conclusion. The development of professional vision is a strongly knowledge‐guided process. In line with their content and aims, university‐based courses can enhance teaching‐relevant knowledge for teacher candidates.     

Exploring the Relationship Between Pedagogy and Counselor Trainees’ Multicultural and Social Justice Competence

The authors evaluated the acquisition of 6 constructs related to multicultural and social justice competence for 60 counselors-in-training (CITs) in 3 multicultural counseling courses. Each course was assigned a unique pedagogical approach: didactic, experiential, or community service learning. Statistical analyses indicated that pedagogical approach had the greatest impact on CITs’ growth in multicultural relationship, multicultural skills, and social justice advocacy constructs. Analyses also indicated growth across all 3 pedagogies for multicultural knowledge and multicultural awareness constructs. The authors explore patterns of pedagogical impact, discuss practical implications, and make suggestions for further research.     

An epistemology for practical knowledge

Anscombe thought that practical knowledge – a person’s knowledge of what she is intentionally doing – displays formal differences to ordinary empirical, or ‘speculative’, knowledge. I suggest these differences rest on the fact that practical knowledge involves intention analogously to how speculative knowledge involves belief. But this claim conflicts with the standard conception of knowledge, according to which knowledge is an inherently belief-involving phenomenon. Building on John Hyman’s account of knowledge as the ability to use a fact as a reason, I develop an alternative, two-tier, epistemology which allows that knowledge might really come in a belief-involving and an intention-involving form.     

Development of an Expert Explanation: An Analysis of a Sequence of Subtraction Lessons

This article documents the teaching and learning that occurred during an 8-day unit on subtraction with regrouping in an expert teacher's second-grade classroom. Students in this study were found to be not only highly skilled in computation at the end of the sequence, but also to have, in some cases, unusual skill in solving problems beyond the range of instruction. Detailed analyses of the expert lessons that led to such high levels of student performance and understanding focused both on the explanations the teacher provided and on students' knowledge growth throughout the sequence. Two aspects of the teacher's explanations were analyzed: the subject-matter content and the explanational plan. Semantic nets were used to portray the teacher's subject-matter knowledge displayed in each lesson and were compared with corresponding nets of student knowledge for each day. All explanations were structurally analyzed to develop a network of goal states and action schemas, similar to other cognitive planning nets, that generated a model of an expert explanation. Student knowledge was traced by means of tests and interviews administered to a sample of 8 students before, during, and after instruction.