信息加工速度的年龄差异机制

选择7-19岁的被试140名,对三种不同任务进行操作.结果表明,在心理旋转任务中,儿童青少年的反应时是青年期反应时的函数,指数函数能较好的描述这种共同的发展变化趋势,但在简单反应时和图形匹配任务中,这种线性关系较差;随着年龄的变化,信息加工速度的下降速率是根据不同的加工任务变化的,简单任务(指简单反应时和图形匹配)下降速度快,复杂任务(指心理旋转)下降速度慢;性别差异随着年龄增长逐步缩小,但不同的加工任务其差异缩小的年龄阶段不同,简单反应时在11岁,图形匹配在13岁,心理旋转在17岁;且性别差异量与年龄不完全是一种函数关系;最后,本研究对信息加工速度的年龄差异机制进行了讨论.     

媒体多任务的效用：听觉信息干扰和视听信息整合的实验证据

采用心理旋转范式和词汇判断范式,探讨媒体多任务经验不同者,在听觉信息干扰和视听信息整合情境下对图形一致性和真假词的判断表现。结果发现：(1)以判断图形一致性为实验任务,在无声和低音干扰条件下,低经验组的正确率均显著高于高经验组,两组的反应时差异均不显著;在高音干扰条件下,高经验组的反应时显著短于低经验组,正确率则没有显著差异。(2)以真假词判断为实验任务,对真词的判断,在三种听觉条件下,高经验组在语音匹配条件下的反应时最短,与低经验组无显著差异,但正确率显著高于低经验组,与另两种听觉条件没有显著差异;低经验组在语音匹配条件下的反应时显著长于另两种听觉条件,正确率则显著高于无声条件,与不匹配条件差异不显著。对假词的判断,低经验组在三种听觉条件下的反应时均显著短于高经验组,正确率与高经验组均无显著差异。研究表明,媒体多任务经验丰富者相比经验缺乏者受到任务无关的纯短高音干扰的影响要小一些,在需要视听通道语义整合的加工中具有一定的优势。     

场认知方式对心理旋转影响的实验研究

采用2个2 × 2×6三因素混合设计实验,以图形和数字为实验材料,探讨能反应个体能力水平差异的场认知方式对心理旋转的影响.两个实验结果均表明(1)场认知方式的主效应显著,场独立性的被试比场依存性的被试反应时短,且正确率高;两类被试的反应时、正确率曲线具有一致的变化趋势;(2)图形和数字的心理旋转反应时呈倒"V"形状,反应时随着旋转角度的增加而增加,180°时反应时最长,以180°为界,曲线两侧的变化趋势对称;(3)正确率随着旋转角度的增加而降低,呈现"V"状,180°时正确率最低,曲线两侧的变化趋势对称.     

随迁儿童元刻板印象威胁对工作记忆的影响:群际焦虑的中介作用

元刻板印象是指个体关于外群体成员对其所属群体所持刻板印象的信念或看法,消极元刻板印象的激活会导致群体成员的一种社会心理困境和认知不平衡状态,诱发压力和害怕体验,并损害其行为表现。研究采用工作记忆的N-back范式,对随迁儿童的元刻板印象威胁效应进行探讨。实验通过让被试根据不同指导语写形容词的方式,操纵了"威胁"和"无威胁"的条件,并考察不同条件对群际焦虑和工作记忆的影响。结果如下:(1)威胁组被试的群际焦虑水平显著高于无威胁组;(2)在工作记忆的3个任务难度中,威胁组被试的正确率显著低于无威胁组;随着难度的增加,威胁组和无威胁组被试的正确率都显著下降;(3)在工作记忆的3个任务难度中,威胁组被试的反应时显著长于无威胁组;随着难度的增加,威胁组和无威胁组被试的反应时都显著增长,且组别与任务难度的交互作用显著;(4)群际焦虑在元刻板印象与工作记忆任务的正确率(中等难度任务)间起完全中介作用,在元刻板印象与工作记忆任务的反应时(中等难度任务)间起部分中介作用。结果表明,在激活随迁儿童的消极元刻板印象后,产生了明显的元刻板印象威胁效应。     

不同推理水平儿童在图形推理任务中的眼动研究

以矩阵填充任务为材料,以眼动仪为研究工具,以3~6年级学生为被试,探讨图形推理中儿童推理过程的特征和策略使用的差异,以及推理能力高低组儿童完成图形推理任务的眼动模式差异.在本实验条件下,得出以下结论:(1)8岁以上儿童已经具备解决矩阵填充任务的逻辑思维能力,但高低水平组儿童在解决任务的能力水平上存在差异,高水平儿童的反应时较快、正确率较高;(2)在儿童推理的过程中,不同维度对推理过程的影响存在一定的层次:对形状、颜色维度的识别最容易,对大小维度的识别次之,对方向维度的识别最难;(3)高低水平组儿童获得策略的时间进程不同,差异主要产生在推理开始后的5~11秒这个阶段,在这一阶段中,高水平组儿童对方向这一较难维度的识别和正确答案的识别都快于低水平组儿童,体现了高水平组儿童更强的信息加工能力.     

超常与常态儿童记忆和记忆监控的比较研究

本实验以超常儿童(20名,平均年龄为11岁2个月)和常态儿童(20名,平均年龄为11岁3个月)为被试,以数字和图形为实验材料对超常儿童和常态儿童的记忆、记忆组织和记忆监控的特点和差异作了初步的比较研究,结果是:(1)超常儿童不仅在回忆量和记忆速度上比常态儿童优异,而且还表现在元记忆上比常态儿童发展得更好;(2)儿童的记忆和记忆监控之间的关系较为复杂,但作为记忆效果的一个重要方面,记忆速度与记忆监控之间有显著相关;(3)作为元记忆的组成元素,记忆组织和记忆监控之间有显著相关。     

超常与常态儿童记忆和记忆组织的比较研究

本实验以超常儿童(20名,平均年龄为11岁2个月)和常态儿童(20名,平均年龄为11岁3个月)为被试,以数字和图形为实验材料对超常儿童和常态儿童的记忆和记忆组织特点和差异作了初步的比较研究。结果是;(1)超常儿童不仅在回忆量上比常态儿童优异,更主要的是在记忆速度和记忆组织上比常态儿童发展得更好;(2)儿童的记忆与记忆组织有密切相关,尤其是记忆速度与记忆组织之间有显著相关;(3)实验表明同时使用回忆量和记忆速度作为记忆成绩的指标更为合适,能更好地说明儿童记忆的特点。     

选择损耗自我控制资源:取舍效应还是信息加工难度效应?

研究以自我控制的资源模型为理论框架,从选择难度特征的视角出发,通过两项实验考察选择损耗自我控制资源的成因。结果发现,高取舍冲突组被试的stroop任务成绩显著低于低取舍冲突组被试,高、低阅读难度组被试的stroop任务成绩差异不显著;为自己做选择组被试的stroop任务成绩显著低于为他人做选择组被试,完成3选项和4选项任务组被试的stroop任务成绩差异不显著。研究表明,选择损耗效应是由选择的取舍难度而非信息加工难度造成。。     

以超常儿童为被试的个体差异研究

有关个体差异的问题一直是心理学家和社会公众所感兴趣的。作者及其研究组今年来一直致力于个体差异的研究,特别是以智力超常儿童为被试,比较他们与常态儿童在认知、社会性和神经活动方面的差异。研究的目的是试图回答诸如“为什么有些孩子比其他孩子表现等更优秀？”等问题。作者对超常儿童与常态儿童在智力、信息加工速度、事件相关电位及自我概念等方面的差异做了总结     

基于客体工作记忆的保持对时间判断的影响（英文）

本研究探讨工作记忆内容的保持能否影响时间判断,采用难以用言语编码和保持的抽象客体作为刺激材料,操作记忆内容与时间任务中刺激的关联程度。实验1将工作记忆中的变化觉察范式和时间判断任务结合,具体来讲,要求被试首先记忆一个客体,然后在每个trial的最后判断测试刺激是否与记忆项相同;在延迟阶段,被试完成时间判断任务,即判断相继出现的两个刺激的时距哪个更长(或更短)。记忆匹配条件下,时间任务中的一个刺激与记忆内容完全相同,相应的另一个刺激与记忆内容在形状和颜色上都不同,记忆匹配和记忆不匹配各占一半。匹配刺激先短后长、先长后短的顺序在被试内充分平衡;记忆不匹配条件下,时间任务中的两个刺激均与记忆项无关。结果发现,记忆匹配刺激不存在顺序效应;相比无记忆匹配条件,记忆匹配延长了时间判断的时间;进一步分析发现记忆匹配刺激与长时距对应时,正确率更低,反应时更长。为了进一步探讨实验1的结果是由对记忆内容的保持造成的,还是由刺激的重复出现造成的,实验2要求被试忽略第一个刺激,仅完成时间判断任务。结果发现,知觉匹配和知觉不匹配条件在时间判断的正确率和反应时上都无显著差异。研究说明记忆内容的保持引起了注意定向,影响了人们对时间信息的判断和决策。     

On the relation between stimulus intensity and processing time: Piéron’s law and choice reaction time

Piéron (1914, 1920, 1952) demonstrated that simple reaction time (SRT) decays as a hyperbolic function of luminance in detection tasks. However, whether such a relationship holds equally for choice reaction time (CRT) has been questioned (Luce, 1986; Nissen, 1977), at least when the task is not brightness discrimination. In two SRT and three CRT experiments, we investigated the function that relates reaction time (RT) to stimulus intensity for five levels of luminance covering the entire mesopic range. The psychophysical experiments consisted of simple detection, two-alternative forced choice (2 AFC) with spatial uncertainty, 2 AFC with semantic categorization, and 2 AFC with orientation discrimination. The results of the experiments showed that mean RT increases with task complexity. However, the exponents of the functions relating RT to stimulus intensity were found to be similar in the different experiments. This finding indicates that Piéron’s law holds for CRT as well as for SRT. It describes RT as a power function of stimulus intensity, with similar exponents, regardless of the complexity of the task.     

汉字阅读材料的不同排列组合对字词认知速度及准确性的影响

本研究探讨了汉字阅读材料的不同组合对字词认知速度及准确性的影响。实验材料是一篇３２０个字的短文阅读材料,分成三种不同组合形式让被试从左往右发声念读．一种是顺意排列材料形式（即文章句子符合句法及词意）,一种是逆意排列材料形式（即将文章的字词逆反排列）;一种是随机排列材料形式（即将全文字词打乱随机排列）。实验结果表明：对顺意排列材料的念读效果最好,念读速度及准确性明显高于另外两种材料组合形式;中青年组被试的结果明显优于老年组及儿童组的结果．结果提示,对字词念读的认知加工过程明显受相邻字词关系的影响及字词句子化的影响．     

Focused attention deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment

Reaction time (RT) tasks take various forms, and can assess psychomotor speed, (i.e., simple reaction time task), and focused attention (i.e., choice reaction time (CRT) task). If cues are provided before stimulus presentation (i.e., cued choice reaction time (CCRT) task), then a cueing effect can also be assessed. A limited number of studies have addressed the nature of focused attention impairments in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, it is unknown whether similar impairments occur in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). The current study used three RT tasks to address the nature of focused attention impairments in AD and MCI subjects. The results suggest that there were significant CRT and CCRT differences in AD subjects when compared to NECs. Furthermore, slowed RTs were also present in the MCI group, which provides evidence for impaired focussed attention and the inability to benefit from a cue in both the MCI and AD groups. The implications of the impairments related to the MCI group could potentially prove useful in early diagnosis of cognitive impairments in the elderly.     

8—12岁超常与常态儿童的检测时比较

研究者采用两种视觉检测时任务,比较了8至12岁超常和常态儿童的检测时发展变化特点。结果发现：随着年龄的增长,超常组和常态组儿童的检测时都呈现出逐步减小的趋势,并且对于不同任务的检测时,两组儿童的发展速度不同,但均未表现出性别差异;在不同的年龄段和检测时任务中,超常组儿童的检测时均显著地快于常态组儿童。通过对两组儿童的检测时发展速率的比较还发现,儿童的检测时发展基本上不受学校知识或经验的影响。另外,两组儿童的检测时和智力测验分数之间都有中等程度的负相关。     

Choice reaction and unequal stimulus frequencies in an absolute judgment situation

Previous investigators have reported discrepant results for Ss in a choice reaction time (CRT) situation when stimuli are not equi-probable. Sixty Ss participated in an absolute judgment CRT task under three conditions of equi-probable stimuli and three of unequally probable stimuli. The results indicate that previous findings may be determined by a threshold dependent upon the effect of unequal stimulus frequencies and the utilities of different response strategies.     

Choice reaction and unequal stimulus frequencies in an absolute judgment situation

Previous investigators have reported discrepant results for Ss in a choice reaction time (CRT) situation when stimuli are not equi-probable. Sixty Ss participated in an absolute judgment CRT task under three conditions of equi-probable stimuli and three of unequally probable stimuli. The results indicate that previous findings may be determined by a threshold dependent upon the effect of unequal stimulus frequencies and the utilities of different response strategies.     

Effects of methylphenidate on complex cognitive processing in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Three experiments were conducted to explore the effects of methylphenidate (MPH), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis, and age on performance on a complex visual-memory search task. Results showed that the effects of MPH varied with information load. On low-processing loads, all doses of MPH helped children with ADHD to improve accuracy with no cost to reaction time (RT), whereas on high loads, higher MPH doses improved error rates while slowing RT. Without medication, children with ADHD showed high error rates and slow RTs across both low and high loads, as did younger, normal control children. Because MPH slowed performance on only the most difficult, high-load conditions, it is argued that the drug improves self-regulatory ability, enabling children with ADHD to adapt differentially to high and low loads.     

Response Style Differences in the Inattentive and Combined Subtypes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

This study examined potential differences between the inattentive and combined ADHD subtypes using laboratory tasks assessing behavioral inhibitory processes. Seventy-five children completed two tasks of behavioral inhibition believed to isolate different processes: the cued reaction time task (CRT), a basic inhibition task, and the go/no-go task (GNG), a complex inhibition task that incorporates motivational contingencies. Three groups of participants were identified, including ADHD/Inattentive (n = 17), ADHD/Combined (n = 37), and comparison (n = 21). Results indicated that rather than showing behavioral inhibition deficits, the ADHD/I children appeared overly inhibited, as evidenced by slower reaction times across the two tasks and significantly higher errors of omission in the GNG task. Additionally, the ADHD/I children did not demonstrate cue dependency effects on the CRT task, suggesting that they were failing to incorporate relevant information before making a response. The sluggish and inhibited performance of the ADHD/I group challenges the idea that it is a subtype of ADHD.     

Intra-Individual Variability of Normal and Educable Mentally Retarded Children on a Coincidence Timing Task

A visual coincidence timing task was used to compare the level of performance (constant error) and the intra-individual variability of 100 normal and 100 educable mentally retarded children. The mean performance of the intellectually normal children on this task was significantly superior to that of the retarded children, and the intra-individual variability of the latter was significantly greater than that of the former. The hypothesis that high intra-individual variability and depressed level of performance are closely associated was not supported.