Suicide Prevention in Australian Aboriginal Communities: A Review of Past and Present Programs

A review of Aboriginal suicide prevention programs were conducted to highlight promising projects and strategies. A content analysis of gray literature was conducted to identify interventions reported to have an impact in reducing suicidal rates and behaviors. Most programs targeted the whole community and were delivered through workshops, cultural activities, or creative outlets. Curriculums included suicide risk and protective factors, warning signs, and mental health. Many programs were poorly documented and evaluations did not include suicidal outcomes. Most evaluations considered process variables. Results from available outcome evaluations suggest that employing a whole of community approach and focusing on connectedness, belongingness and cultural heritage may be of benefit. Despite the challenges, there is a clear need to evaluate outcomes if prevention is to be progressed.     

我国近二十年应对研究之剖析

应对及有关的应激问题.因其与心理适应及健康关系密切,已成为心理学和社会学的前沿研究热点之一.本文就上世纪80年代以来我国心理学、心理卫生学界对该问题关注后开展的大量研究及丰硕成果进行了计量考察和分析回顾,进而就研究取向、研究方法、评价标准诸重要问题做了探讨并提出了看法.     

近十年来传统经济伦理研究综述

一、近十年来的研究概况 近十年来,传统经济伦理研究硕果累累,主要体现在以下几个方面. (一)研究的深度与广度均有很大的进展.从深度来看,一些理论问题研究进一步深化,如传统经济伦理的构成内容、传统经济伦理与市场经济、与东亚经济发展的关系等,其间既有争论也有共识.     

中国领导心理与行为实证研究二十年进展

国内领导心理和行为的实证研究在过去20年间取得了很大进展,研究领域主要包括特质研究、行为和风格研究、权变研究与新领导理论研究四个方面。该文提出,重视在不同类型和发展阶段的组织情境中分析领导的机制,把焦点由领导者个体转移到互动的领导过程,强化中国文化下的本土化研究,加强实验室方法、追踪研究和质性研究,是今后领导心理与行为研究的重要趋势。     

39 Years of Suicide Research: A Personal View

This is a personal account of the beginning of clinical research in suicide in a hostile intellectual climate, of the methodology that has informed most of the subsequent research, and of the very durable findings of that work over 12 replications. The genius of the late Dr. Eli Robins lies at the base, not only of this research methodology, but of the diagnostic system that gives it clinical meaning. All of this is now commonplace, but it was not always so.     

Cognition and Suicide: A Methodological Review

This article reviews the literature related to studies measuring various cognitive properties in suicidal patients. It provides a structural framework with which to classify the studies, and employs the categories of suicidal logic, cognitive style, social cognition, and cognitive control. The methodological issues discussed include: sample characteristics, operational definitions of suicidal behaviors, use of appropriate control groups, and the temporal nature of assessment. Improvements in experimental design are suggested for use in future research.     

Suicide Past and Present: A Note on Jean Pierre Falret

ABSTRACT: In 1822 Dr. Jean Pierre Falret published, in French, a scholarly work on suicide. He reported on the number of suicides in the city of Paris and its environs, on the kind of people who become suicidal, and on the treatments, both physical and psychological, that were used for these patients. In this paper, Falret's book is examined for similarities and differences of approaches to the problem of suicide in nineteenth-century France and in the current scene.     

自杀“守门人”培训研究述评

在西方国家,自杀“守门人”培训被认为是最有效的自杀预防策略之一.自杀“守门人”培训的具体内容包括传授基础知识、识别自杀征兆、初步评估自杀风险和转介自杀高危个体等4个方面;研究发现自杀“守门人”培训对受训者的知识、态度和干预技能有显著的积极影响,但其对自杀率的影响仍需今后的研究详细探讨;目前的研究存在以下不足:1)随机对照研究少;2)难以评估培训对自杀率的真实影响;3)评价指标单一,缺乏统一的评估工具.未来的研究应弥补现有研究的不足,并重视自杀“守门人”培训的跨文化研究.     

The Effectiveness of Suicide Prevention Centers: A Review

This article reviews 14 studies examining whether suicide prevention centers have a preventive effect on suicide rates. Seven studies were identified that provide some support for a preventive effect, one found an increase in the suicide rates, and six failed to find any significant effects (either preventive or facilitative). The studies' different methodologies are reviewed, and limitations on the authors' conclusions pointed out. The conclusion of this article is that the evidence provides support for a preventive effect from suicide prevention centers, albeit small and inconsistently found.     

自杀性恐怖主义的心理学述评

自杀性恐怖主义是指为了引起目标对象或公众的注意并散播恐怖气氛, 而自愿采取与选定目标同归于尽的方式残害无辜, 自愿牺牲自己的生命去换取任务的成功, 从而达到某种宗教、政治或社会目的。自杀性恐怖分子并没有单一的心理侧写, 其动机也很复杂。他们可能是出于宗教或政治目的而进行自杀性恐怖袭击, 也可能是基于理性分析而做出的选择。意义追寻模型是将有关自杀性恐怖分子动机的理论和观点连接起来, 形成的一个具有说服力的综合模型。自杀性恐怖主义的性别差异不大, 只是女性可能想要争取性别平等, 也更可能受个人原因的驱使。由于自杀性恐怖分子的真实数据和信息很难搜集, 所以得出的可能只是推测性的结论, 在未来的研究中还需要运用更多其他的实证研究方法。     

Suicide risk among persons with foreign background in Denmark

There is a dearth of knowledge about factors correlated with suicide risk among minority groups in Western societies. In the present study we compared suicide risk among persons with foreign background with that of the majority population to determine whether certain minority groups are at a particular risk for suicide, as well as to illuminate gender differences herein. Suicide risk was generally higher among persons with foreign background compared with the majority population and the risk was highest among Nordic-born persons. Overall, suicide risk was significantly lower among Asian-born persons; however, there were gender differences in correlations between ethnicity and suicide risk.     

Intimate Partner Violence in Same-Sex Relationships and The Role of Sexual Minority Stressors: A Systematic Review of the Past 10 Years

To clarify the role of sexual minority stressors on intimate partner violence in same-sex relationships, the authors undertook a systematic review of literature on this topic from 2005 to 2015. Our results indicate different forms of intimate partner violence (physical, psychological, sexual) tend to co-occur in same-sex relationships, bidirectional violence might be a common pattern; and internalized homophobia, degree of “outness,” stigma consciousness, and experiences of discrimination based on sexual orientation are all related to intimate partner violence. However, these associations are not fully supported by all studies. Our findings emphasize the importance of integrating risk factors typical of sexual minorities with the risk factors predictive of intimate partner violence in heterosexual couples. Therefore, intervention and prevention programs must be designed so as to address and reduce the stress typical of sexual minorities.     

Suicide Clusters: A Review of Risk Factors and Mechanisms

Suicide clusters, although uncommon, cause great concern in the communities in which they occur. We searched the world literature on suicide clusters and describe the risk factors and proposed psychological mechanisms underlying the spatio‐temporal clustering of suicides (point clusters). Potential risk factors include male gender, being an adolescent or young adult, drug or alcohol abuse, and past history of self‐harm. However, the majority of studies lack methodological rigor. Many different psychological mechanisms are described, including contagion, imitation, suggestion, learning, and assortative relating, but supporting empirical evidence is generally lacking. More scientifically rigorous studies are needed to improve understanding of suicide clusters.     

Children's Testimony: A Review of Research on Memory for Past Experiences

This review of children's testimony focuses on research related to memory for past experiences. The aspects of the memory system that are involved in testimony are discussed and the development of autobiographical memory is examined. Relevant research findings are summarized in the context of an information-processing model of memory and the implications of this work for clinical practice are outlined. We conclude that (1) under certain conditions, even very young children can remember and report past experiences with some accuracy over very long periods of time; (2) substantial and significant developmental differences have been demonstrated in children's abilities to provide eyewitness testimony; (3) children can be influenced in a variety of ways to provide complete and elaborated reports of events that never occurred; and (4) even experts cannot always tell the difference between true and false reports.     

Treating the Capability for Suicide: A Vital and Understudied Frontier in Suicide Prevention

Current efforts at suicide prevention center largely on reducing suicidal desire among individuals hospitalized for suicidality or being treated for related psychopathology. Such efforts have yielded evidence‐based treatments, and yet the national suicide rate has continued to climb. We propose that this disconnect is heavily influenced by an unmet need to consider population‐level interventions aimed at reducing the capability for suicide. Drawing on lessons learned from other public health phenomena that have seen drastic declines in frequency in recent decades (HIV, lung cancer, motor vehicle accidents), we propose that current suicidality treatment efforts trail current suicidality theories in their lack of focus on the extent to which individuals thinking about suicide are capable of transitioning from ideation to attempt. We summarize extant evidence for specific capability‐centered approaches (e.g., means safety) and propose other options for improving our ability to address this largely overlooked variable. We also note that population‐level approaches in this regard would represent an important opportunity to decrease risk in individuals who either lack access to evidence‐based care or underreport suicidal ideation, as a reduced capability for suicide would theoretically diminish the potency of suicidal desire and, in this sense, lower the odds of a transition from ideation to attempt.     

从诗学视角看古希腊哲学研究

本文首先检视了晚近十年国内古希腊文学研究的发展与现状,回顾并总结近十年国内古希腊经典作品和研究文献的译介情况,着重考察近年来国内新兴的古希腊诗学研究,尤为关注古希腊诗学研究的新取向。结合“诗与哲之争”的复杂关系,从诗学视角出发,重新思考古典诗学研究与古希腊哲学研究的关系及定位。本文指出,打破国内古希腊研究的学科分际,从诗学角度全面展开对古希腊经典的研究,对于推进国内古希腊哲学研究具有重要的意义。     

Book Review of Suicide Across the Life Span: Implications for Counselors

Book reviewed in this article: Suicide Across the Life Span: Implications for Counselors by David Capuzzi (Ed.), 2004