前摄干扰对工作记忆的作用——大脑如何解决前摄干扰?

前摄干扰(PI)对工作记忆有决定性影响.注意加工理论认为处于工作记忆“注意焦点”的信息不受PI影响,偏向-竞争理论则提出个体对熟悉信息和情景信息代码做出权重评估,解决工作记忆PI效应.研究者从工作记忆编码和提取加工的PI效应、内容相关和情景相关的PI效应、PI消除的脑成像特征等角度进行了验证,多数结果支持偏向-竞争理论.未来研究应使用脑成像技术探讨PI效应与工作记忆子系统、子功能之间的关系等主题.     

工作记忆广度对语篇理解中重读效应的影响

本文探索了工作记忆容量对语篇理解中重读效应的影响。采用阅读广度测验对工作记忆容量进行测量, 筛选出高、低广度两组被试。并采用听觉动窗实验范式, 比较两组被试在语篇理解中即时加工时间的差异。研究结果表明, 重读效应受到工作记忆广度的显著影响。对于低工作记忆广度被试, 一致性重读促进语篇理解, 不一致性重读阻碍语篇理解; 但对于高工作记忆广度被试, 一致性重读的促进效应和不一致性重读的阻碍效应都不显著。另外, 只有在不一致性重读条件下, 低广度者语篇理解的即时加工时间显著多于高广度者, 而在一致性重读和无重读条件下则没有显著差异。最后用工作记忆的控制性注意理论对研究结果进行了讨论。     

自我解释与工作记忆对汉语阅读理解的影响

采用组间实验设计,以汉语科技说明文为阅读材料,探讨自我解释与工作记忆对汉语阅读理解的影响以及工作记忆对自我解释活动本身的影响.结果表明:(1)自我解释活动促进了被试对文本的理解.(2)较高的言语工作记忆容量对汉语阅读理解有促进作用.(3)高工作记忆容量组比低工作记忆容量组不仅在阅读过程中产生了更多数量的自我解释,而且还更多地使用衔接和推理的解释模式.     

任务无关情绪刺激对工作记忆信息更新的影响:来自ERP的证据

任务无关的情绪刺激如何对工作记忆的信息更新过程产生影响还不清楚。本研究采用情绪N-back任务,结合事件相关电位技术调查情绪对工作记忆信息更新的影响。ERP结果显示,在0-back任务中,负性分心物诱发的P3显著小于中性分心物,表明其干扰了工作记忆信息更新过程;而在2-back任务中,负性分心物诱发的P3与中性分心物没有显著差异,表明其未对信息更新表现出干扰效应。该结果支持了情绪与认知加工的双竞争模型。     

工作记忆中阅读信息的协调性整合

采用动窗技术探讨当前信息跟工作记忆中的信息发生协调性整合的特点.两个实验的结果表明,当前信息必须与工作记忆中存在的协调性信息有局部的不一致或不协调时才能引发协调性整合;工作记忆中的协调性整合会改变先前有关信息的表征方式,文本阅读过程既包含流畅性阅读,又包含以协调性整合为重要形式之一的整合性阅读,两种阅读可以灵活的交替发生.     

工作记忆和长时记忆共享信息表征的ERP证据

工作记忆和长时记忆共享记忆系统的信息表征网络, 关系密切。实验采用事件相关电位技术记录长时记忆信息对工作记忆的长时语义启动和工作记忆对相关长时记忆信息的长时语义启动。结果显示：与新项目相比, 学习项(即长时记忆信息)对工作记忆的目标信息产生了明显的行为启动效应, N2潜伏期、波幅和P3潜伏期也表现出明显的神经启动效应, 即, 学习项比新项目的反应时更短、N2和P3的潜伏期更短、N2更正, 但学习对非记忆项的影响不大; 工作记忆对相关的长时记忆信息也产生了神经启动, 表现在类别比较任务中记忆类信息比其他信息(即, 与工作记忆任务中的信息无关的内容)的N400更正。而且, 这种神经启动也会因刺激重复次数的增多而降低：与新项目相比, 学习项会使与之语义类似信息的N400更负。上述两种长时语义启动的存在及其ERPs的神经启动均为长时记忆和工作记忆使用共同信息表征的观点提供了证据支持。证据还表明, 在工作记忆和长时记忆的相互作用中注意是关键的调节因素。     

工作记忆广度与汉语句子语境效应的关系

采用计算机快速系列视觉呈现技术,以反应时为指标,利用命名法,从工作记忆容量个体差异的角度,探讨汉语句子阅读中的语境效应。本研究将句子的语境效应分为两个来源：一个是自动激活扩散的词汇之间的语义启动,另一个是相互作用的句子水平的主题启动。结果表明：词汇间的语义启动不受工作记忆容量的影响,并且不易受到无关记忆任务的干扰。句子水平的主题启动会受到工作记忆容量的影响：工作记忆广度较高的读者能出现主题水平的语境效应,但是在无关记忆任务的干扰下,句子主题水平的语境效应消失;低广度的读者在无外部记忆负荷和有外部记忆负荷两种条件下都没有出现主题水平的语境效应。工作记忆容量对那些需要较多认知资源的加工过程产生显著的影响,实验结果符合工作记忆容量限制理论     

文本阅读中预期推理生成的容量制约性

本研究通过操纵读者信息加工的时间量考察了工作记忆容量对预期推理生成的影响性质。结果表明,如果没有信息加工时间的限制,则工作记忆容量低的读者也能表现出在阅读中生成预期推理的证据,而如果读者的阅读加工时间受一定限制,则工作记忆容量低者建构预期推理的证据随着被允许的加工时间的缩短而逐渐消失。结果支持“工作记忆容量只影响阅读中预期推理建构速度”的观点。     

汉、英工作记忆的加工和储存对中学生英语阅读理解的影响

本研究采用"视空间和言语交替"任务范式分离言语工作记忆的加工和储存两个成分,分别探讨了英语工作记忆的加工和储存成分对我国中学生英语阅读理解的作用及其途径,以及汉语工作记忆的加工和储存成分对中学生英语阅读理解是否具有跨语言影响。98名初中二年级学生完成了一般认知能力、英语阅读理解、汉语和英语工作记忆任务。结果表明:(1)英语工作记忆的加工和储存成分对英语阅读理解均有显著的独立预测作用;(2)英语工作记忆的储存成分对英语阅读理解的作用部分是由加工成分引起的;(3)汉语工作记忆的加工成分对英语阅读理解没有显著的直接预测作用,但却以英语工作记忆的加工成分为中介间接作用于英语阅读理解;汉语工作记忆的储存成分对英语阅读理解没有显著的预测作用。可见,言语工作记忆是一个多成分系统,加工和储存两个成分是相对分离的,并且它们具有不同的跨语言特性,加工存在跨语言一般性,而储存则具有语言特异性。     

文本阅读中信息精确化推理的初步研究

采用动窗技术对文本阅读中信息精确化推理进行了初步研究。实验1研究在工作记忆范围内,信息精确化推理是即时发生的还是当局部信息不连贯时再重新追溯才发生。实验2探究信息精确化推理在长时记忆中是否也会发生。结果表明,文本阅读中的信息精确化推理,不管需要进行精确化推理的句子与包含推理所需信息的句子是处于同一工作记忆范围内,还是处于长时记忆中,推理都是即时发生的。     

How prior knowledge,WMC, and relevance of information affect eye fixations in expository text

This study examined how prior knowledge and working memory capacity (WMC) influence the effect of a reading perspective on online text processing. In Experiment 1, 47 participants read and recalled 2 texts of different familiarity from a given perspective while their eye movements were recorded. The participants' WMC was assessed with the reading span test. The results suggest that if the reader has prior knowledge related to text contents and a high WMC, relevant text information can be encoded into memory without extra processing time. In Experiment 2, baseline processing times showed whether readers slow down their processing of relevant information or read faster through their relevant information. The results are discussed in the light of different working memory theories.     

Not all narrative shifts function equally

Readers of narratives keep track of narrative events and the information associated with these events. Does some of this associated information help structure the processing of and memory for the narrative? In three experiments, we examined the role of basic event building blocks (character, time, and location) in event indexing during text comprehension. These three experiments dealt with perceived coherence, perceived cohesion, and on-line processing, respectively. The results indicated that characters are more likely to serve as event indexes. Although the findings with respect to indexing were similar in all three experiments, interesting differences emerged as a function of the level of text comprehension examined (coherence, cohesion, or on-line processing).     

Perspective effects in repeated reading: An eye movement study

The present study examined the influence of perspective instructions on online processing of expository text during repeated reading. Sixty-two participants read either a high or a low prior knowledge (HPK vs. LPK) text twice from a given perspective while their eye movements were recorded. They switched perspective before a third reading. Reading perspective affected the first-pass reading and also increased sentence wrap-up processing time in the perspective-relevant sentences. Prior knowledge facilitated the recognition of the (ir)relevance of text information and resulted in relatively earlier perspective effects in the HPK versus LPK text. Repeated reading facilitated processing, as indicated by all eye movement measures. After the perspective switch, a repetition benefit was observed for the previously relevant text information, whereas a repetition cost was found for the previously irrelevant text information. These results indicate that reading perspective and prior knowledge have a significant influence on how readers allocate visual attention during reading.     

文本阅读双加工理论与实验证据

文本阅读信息加工过程研究一直是国内外心理学界高度重视和关注的领域, 形成了建构主义理论、最低限度假设理论和记忆基础文本加工理论等派别百家争鸣的局面。这些理论争议的焦点在于自然阅读是主动的、积极的、目标策略驱动的过程, 还是被动的、消极的、自动的过程。在全面总结国内外心理学界有关文本阅读的研究成果的基础上, 文本阅读双加工理论提出并对文本阅读的主要争议进行了整合。该理论的核心观点是文本的自然阅读过程是连贯阅读与焦点阅读的双加工过程。文本阅读中读者所阅读的材料特点不同, 引发的阅读信息加工活动也不同, 而不同性质的阅读过程, 又会引发不同的推理整合, 从而会建构不同类型的文本表征。文本阅读双加工理论已经形成了比较完整的理论框架, 并获得了很多实验证据的支持。当然, 文本阅读双加工理论作为一个新的理论, 其中的有些观点还需要进一步检验。在未来的文本阅读研究领域, 有很多问题还需要研究者进一步关注。     

Mental models as representations of text

A theory of text representation is outlined which suggests that a text is encoded in a mental model that contains representations of only those individuals and events that are relevant to the interpretation of the text in question. Such models are constructed on-line in response to cues in the text and with reference to knowledge about the world. An experiment is reported which demonstrates that mental models represent the events most probably described in a text. The results confirm previous findings that memory for the content of a passage is not based on the construction of one of its linguistically motivated representations. However, unlike most previous findings, they do support a positive proposal about the nature of the representations on which memory for content is based.     

Change of perspective in discourse comprehension: encoding and retrieval processes after brain injury

Damage to frontal areas has been associated with nonaphasic language disturbances in which word and sentence level processes remain largely intact but text level processes are impaired. Most studies providing evidence for these language deficits have concentrated on text production. To study text comprehension of nonaphasic patients, we adopted the paradigm of Anderson and Pichert (1978) that was developed to separate encoding from retrieval processes. Subjects read a story under one of two alternative perspectives and subsequently recalled it. After this first recall, they were instructed to now adopt the second perspective and to recall the story once more. Twenty-four brain-injured patients participated. Each patient's lesion was evaluated with respect to the involvement of right- and/or left-frontal regions. Seven patients showed unilateral left-frontal lesions, five patients unilateral right-frontal lesions, four patients had bilateral frontal damage, and the lesions of the remaining eight patients did not involve frontal areas. The only factor predicting behavioral results was the presence of a left-frontal lesion. For patients without frontal lesions and patients with unilateral right-frontal lesions, we replicated previously reported results. Encoding relevant information was recalled better than other information. Furthermore, the switch of perspective aided recall of perspective relevant information during the second recall. In contrast, patients with left-frontal or bilateral frontal lesions could not make use of the perspective instructions. While they showed comparable recall performance, as well as sensitivity to the relative ease of information, neither the encoding instructions nor the switch instructions had an impact on the recall patterns. These results suggest that left-frontal damage leads to an impairment of goal directed text processing skills.     

Le rôle de la mémoire de travail dans la production écrite de textes

Integration of capacity (Just and Carpenter, 1992) and componentiel (Baddeley, 1986) conceptions of working memory in models of text composition (Hayes, 1996 ; Kellogg, 1996 ; McCutchen, 1996) has allowed studying several facets of the role of working memory in writing acquisition and in expert management of the writing processes. This article presents these two conceptions and examines their respective contribution in the field of writing research from two perspectives: The demands of the writing processes (in terms of processing and transient storage) and the influence of working memory capacity on the control of production. The conclusion underlines the importance of investigating the on-line management of text production, the role of the visuo-spatial sketchpad, and to link strategies for allocating the working memory resources with text quality.     

An examination of the seductive details effect in terms of working memory capacity

Previous work on learning from text has demonstrated that although illustrated text can enhance comprehension, illustrations can also sometimes lead to poor learning outcomes when they are not relevant to understanding the text This phenomenon is known as the seductive details effect. The first experiment was designed to test whether the ability to control one's attention, as measured by working memory span tasks, would influence the processing of a scientific text that contained seductive (irrelevant) images, conceptually relevant images, or no illustrations. Understanding was evaluated using both an essay response and an inference verification task. Results indicated that low working memory capacity readers are especially vulnerable to the seductive details effect. In the second experiment, this issue was explored further, using eye-tracking methodology to evaluate the reading patterns of individuals who differed in working memory capacity as they read the same seductively illustrated scientific text Results indicated that low working memory individuals attend to seductive illustrations more often than not and, also, for a longer duration than do those individuals high in working memory capacity.     

空间情境模型的更新：认知方式的影响

采用前照应解决(anaphora resolution)与学习探测相结合的实验范式以及移动窗口技术探讨不同认知方式个体的空间情境模型更新能力的差异。实验1发现, 场依存性被试在高预见性条件下表现出空间距离效应, 低预见性条件下则没有; 而场独立性被试刚好相反。实验2通过在关键句中提示路径房间的一个物品深入探讨更新过程中不同认知方式个体更新模式的差异, 结果发现, 两类被试在低预见性记叙文中都表现出了明显的空间距离效应。这表明, 场独立性个体的空间情境模型更新能力高于场依存性个体的更新能力。