美国行政伦理学的研究及发展状况

任何理论的产生和发展 ,任何行政思想的变革 ,都既是特定社会政治、经济状况的反映 ,也是人类思想观念合乎逻辑的发展。美国行政伦理学的发展也不例外。纵观美国行政伦理思想发展的百年历史 ,我们认为 ,大致经历了如下三个发展时期或阶段。一、荒芜时期 :19世纪后期到 2 0世纪 30年代美国的行政传统中包含着丰富的行政伦理思想。在建国初期 ,建立行政机构的同时也确定了公务人员的行为标准和道德准则。前几任的总统都相信国家政策必须依赖于个人道德的原则 ,而且都在宗教上寻找道德的根源。华盛顿在第一次国会会议上讲 :“我们国家政策的基…     

现象学运动在美国的发展

在20世纪初期,当现象学在德国诞生时,美国哲学界盛行的是实用主义和分析哲学.20世纪30年代前后,现象学在德国达到了繁荣时期,并逐渐传播到了美国.经过几十年的发展,特别是从20世纪60年代开始到现在,现象学(以及在现象学基础上发展起来的存在主义、诠释学)已经逐步被美国哲学界接受,并成为实用主义和分析哲学之外的另一门显学.     

School psychology in the U.S.S.R.

Soviet psychologists perform various tasks and provide useful psychological services for pupils and educators. This article describes the general characteristics of education and the preparation and research of psychologists in the U.S.S.R. Also discussed are current practices and emerging trends relating to the establishment of school-based psychological services as well as future developments that may lead to the enhancement of the profession of school psychology in the Soviet Union.     

Environmental psychology in the U.S.S.R.

A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the 19th National Convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, Boston, November, 5, 1987.     

The anthropological tradition in the philosophy of medicine

The tradition of anthropological medicine in philosophy of medicine is analyzed in relation to the earlier interest in epistemological issues in medicine around the turn of the century as well as to the current interest in medical ethics. It is argued that there is a continuity between epistemological, anthropological and ethical approaches in philosophy of medicine. Three basic ideas of anthropologically-oriented medicine are discussed: the rejection of Cartesian dualism, the notion of medicine as science of the human person, and the necessity of a comprehensive understanding of disease. Next, it is discussed why the anthropological movement has been superseded by the increasing interest in medical ethics. It is concluded that the present-day moral issues cannot be interpreted and resolved without clarification of the underlying anthropological images.