行为方式和规范的现代化是制度文明的前提

就一般制度体系的发生逻辑而论,都是人类实践活动的产物,而人们的行为方式向行为规范的转化则是它的发生机制。人们在从事实际活动过程中所采取的形式、方法,程序和结构的总和的行为方式具有主体与客体、个体性与社会性、稳定与变动这三重矛盾。在人们普遍接受的心理和观念指导下的定型化了的规约群体行为的行为规范是     

社会排斥对网络偏差行为的影响:自我控制的中介作用和道德同一性的调节作用

本研究拟探讨社会排斥对大学生网络偏差行为的影响及其作用机制——自我控制的中介作用和道德同一性的调节作用。对769名大学生问卷调查的结果表明：（1）社会排斥与网络偏差行为呈显著正相关,与自我控制呈显著负相关;自我控制和道德同一性均与网络偏差行为呈显著负相关;（2）社会排斥对网络偏差行为具有显著的正向预测作用,且自我控制在这一关系中具有显著的中介作用;（3）社会排斥对网络偏差行为的直接预测作用以及自我控制的中介作用均受到道德同一性的调节,且这两种效应在道德同一性水平较低的群体中都更为显著。本研究不仅有助于进一步明晰网络偏差行为的影响因素及其发生机制,而且对大学生网络偏差行为的预防和干预还具有一定的实践指导价值。     

网游对青少年亲社会行为的影响

网络游戏世界中的玩家在互动与交流中组成了一个虚拟的社区,在这个"社区"里,游戏玩家也发生着社会化行为,实践着游戏内亲社会行为。本文通过问卷调查研究发现:在大型多人网络游戏这一"互动性"环境中,存在"游戏内互动性亲社会行为"与"游戏内服务性亲社会行为"两类游戏内亲社会行为,而且游戏内容与游戏情景对游戏内亲社会行为均有影响。进一步的研究还揭示出:游戏内容的亲社会性与游戏情景的亲社会性对游戏内互动性亲社会行为具有显著的正面影响,游戏情景的亲社会性影响强于游戏内容的亲社会性;游戏情景的亲社会性、游戏内容的亲社会性、游戏内容的暴力性、游戏情景的暴力性对游戏内服务性亲社会行为均具有显著的正面影响,强度由高到低。此外游戏内亲社会行为对线下亲社会行为的影响则随着亲社会行为类型的不同而有一定的差异。     

从归因理论的角度探讨我国大学生的社会性评价

本文采用归因理论研究方法测试我国大学生对五种生理病症和五种心理、行为引起的疾患或缺陷的责任归因、情感反应和帮助行为的关系,借以探讨我国大学生对疾患者的社会评价的特点和研究方法。研究结果表明这是一种可用于研究社会性评价的方法。同时,这项研究也体现了我国大学生对某些社会性评价的特点。     

关于中国、日本大学生应激行为的比较研究

本研究借助社会支持系统的研究成果 ,以调查法对当今大学生的应激源、应激行为及其机制进行了探讨 ,主要获得以下结果 :1中日被试具有相同的因素模型 ;2本研究采用的八类心理压力源基本上概括了当今中日大学生日常生活中出现的各类心理障碍 ;3心理压力与社会支持系统之间存在负相关 ,即 :越倾向于认为自己容易得到社会性支持系统帮助的学生 ,越不容易感受到心理压力 ;4中日大学生心理应激行为特征存在显著差异。     

国外最新研究动态：社会认知神经科学

Ochsner K N. Current directions in social cognitive neuroscience. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2004, 14: 254~258 社会认知神经科学是一个新兴的学科,旨在阐述社会性、情绪性的体验与行为的心理和神经基础。作者按照信息加工处理的不同阶段,对已有研究进行了总结。首先讨论了社会线索的知觉与识别:研究发现杏仁核与某些情绪性面孔的知觉相关,但注意资源、目的相关性以及个人评价等因素可能会影响杏仁核的活动。接着讨论了社会性归因与判断,发现当人们进行社会性推理时(比如推测他人心理状态),内侧前额叶皮层会有激活,但该区…     

婴儿社会性参照能力发展研究的进展

婴儿的社会性参照能力是个体早期发展中重要的心理能力之一,是个体经验习得的重要方式。目前关于婴儿社会性参照能力的界定有两类:即强调母婴之间以情绪信号为社会性信息进行参照和强调通过情绪、动作等外界信号进行信息参照。自八十年代以来,研究者开始对婴儿社会性参照能力的发展与表现进行研究,从不同角度考察了婴儿参照行为中对情绪信号的感知、辩识和理解及其情绪交往中的行为特点,并初步探讨了婴儿社会性参照的可能机制与过程。婴儿社会性参照能力的研究主要有视崖、陌生人情境和新异玩具三种范式。由于在理论和方法上尚存在一些值得注意的问题,婴儿社会性参照能力的研究还有待进一步深入。     

社会文化震荡中幽默应对的机制

应对社会文化震荡需要社会性的宏观策略,更需要适宜的微观策略--个体的自我调节策略.幽默感本质上是认知、情绪、行为、心理和社会等各方面的整合.幽默感的本质决定了幽默对个体从接受刺激到做出反应的各个环节都具有调节作用,能满足社会文化震荡中个体超越各种障碍时的心理调节需要和行为需要.本文通过介绍国外的研究成果,阐释了幽默作用于社会文化震荡的四个机制:认知中心机制、情绪中心机制、问题中心机制和结果接受机制.     

工读生不良人格和行为形成的原因及教育对策

在工读学校就读的学生大部分都是行为上有偏差和心理上有缺陷的学生,对这些学生来说,除了让他们接受文化和职业技术教育以外,更重要的是重新塑造他们的人格,即矫治他们的偏差行为,使之具有健康的心理。本文主要探讨工读生一般人格和行为特征,并分析产生的原因,同时提出人格辅导的一些建议,为工读学校今后开展这方面工作提供参考。     

论父母在儿童社会性发展中的作用

作为儿童生活中的“最重要他人”,父母对儿童社会性发展具有重要影响。在儿童的社会性情感、社会性认知、社会性交往行为和亲社会行为的发展过程中,父母都起着重要作用。     

Dependency Stereotypes and Aging: The Implications for Getting and Giving Help in Later Life

Older adults are often stereotyped as dependent on others. This study explored how seeing an older adult receiving help triggers the dependency stereotype, by examining perceptions of older and younger adults helping and being helped by others. Participants (183 younger and older adults) read vignettes of young and old people helping others and rated the helpers and helpees on 2 variables: one a composite of dependency and capability; and the other composed of thoughtfulness, generosity, and unselfishness (i.e., considerateness). Participants rated older helpees as dependent, no matter who helped them. Younger helpers and those who helped the elderly rated high on considerateness. Females rated helpers more positively than did males. Implications of these findings for older adults are discussed.     

Identity and emergency intervention: how social group membership and inclusiveness of group boundaries shape helping behavior

Two experiments exploring the effects of social category membership on real-life helping behavior are reported. In Study 1, intergroup rivalries between soccer fans are used to examine the role of identity in emergency helping. An injured stranger wearing an in-group team shirt is more likely to be helped than when wearing a rival team shirt or an unbranded sports shirt. In Study 2, a more inclusive social categorization is made salient for potential helpers. Helping is extended to those who were previously identified as out-group members but not to those who do not display signs of group membership. Taken together, the studies show the importance of both shared identity between bystander and victim and the inclusiveness of salient identity for increasing the likelihood of emergency intervention.     

Attributing autonomous versus introjected motivation to helpers and the recipient experience: Effects on gratitude,attitudes, and well-being

Three studies examined the effects of motivation attributed to helpers on recipient reactions. Participants read and responded to scenarios depicting various helping events, in which indicators of helpers having autonomous or controlled (introjected) motivations were embedded. Results showed that recipients experienced more gratitude toward autonomous helpers than those helping for controlled motivations. Helping interactions involving more autonomous attributions were also predictive of positive attitudes toward helpers, positive affect, and felt closeness. Gratitude mediated the effects of autonomous versus controlled helping on recipient positive attitude, well-being, and closeness to helpers. Study 3 confirmed that helper autonomous motivation independently predicted gratitude and other positive reactions to receiving help even when controlling for other important attributions, namely, perceived helper empathy, cost to helper, valuing of help, and perceived similarity.     

Personality and context-related factors of helping and helping-related affect during early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic

COVID-19 pandemic led to introduction of lockdown measures in many countries, while in Serbia the Government also introduced the curfew by which vulnerable groups of citizens were prohibited from leaving their homes at any time. In such a situation many citizens organized to voluntarily offer their help to those in isolation, which offered a unique opportunity to examine prosocial behavior in the natural setting of global crisis. This study examined the differences between non-helpers and helpers, as well as groups of helpers who provided their help to close or unknown others, in personality (prosocial tendencies, selfishness and communal narcissism) and context-related factors (situation specific empathy and fear) of prosocial behaviors. Additionally, the study also analyzed the helping-related affect among helpers, depending on the recipient of help and personality characteristics. Results revealed that groups of helpers with different recipients of help (close persons, unknown persons or both) were not different among each other, but they were different from non-helpers. Non-helpers were more selfish and had self-focused prosocial tendencies, and they showed less empathy towards people in isolation, compared to helper groups. However, the helping-related affect depended on the recipient of help and helper's personality traits. This study confirmed some previous findings and offered novel insights into factors related to helping in crises.     

Personal experience in professional narratives: the role of helpers' families in their work with terror victims

This article describes research on the narratives of social workers who help terror victims, focusing on the relationship between the helpers' families and their work. Qualitative analysis of three training groups of social workers who are responsible for helping in the event of terror attacks in different parts of Israel, and of three debriefing groups for social workers after terror attacks, reveals that the helpers' families play a role in the narratives constructed by the helpers. Two main themes were identified. The first centers on the interaction between work and the family, and shows that in the situation of a terror attack, the conflict between the two disappears and the family often serves as a support system for the helpers. The second theme refers to the family dimension alone, and focuses on the dichotomy between vitality and loss. The way that family life events affect helpers'professional intervention is described. The findings are discussed in light of Conservation of Resources Theory, the fight-flight response to threat, and the concept of the family as a source of safety and risk taking.     

If you need help, just ask: underestimating compliance with direct requests for help

A series of studies tested whether people underestimate the likelihood that others will comply with their direct requests for help. In the first 3 studies, people underestimated by as much as 50% the likelihood that others would agree to a direct request for help, across a range of requests occurring in both experimental and natural field settings. Studies 4 and 5 demonstrated that experimentally manipulating a person's perspective (as help seeker or potential helper) could elicit this underestimation effect. Finally, in Study 6, the authors explored the source of the bias, finding that help seekers were less willing than potential helpers were to appreciate the social costs of refusing a direct request for help (the costs of saying "no"), attending instead to the instrumental costs of helping (the costs of saying "yes").     

Time Management as a Stressor for Helping Professionals: Implications for Employment

This study summarizes and compares the findings of 5 studies completed between 1984 and 1994 that dealt with the factors that cause stress for 4 groups of helping professionals: regular classroom teachers, special education teachers, nurses in a tertiary care hospital, and social workers in child welfare. Time and its effective management proved to be the most significant stressor category for all groups. Possible explanations for the persistence of time management concerns in these helping professions, and possible implications for employment counselors, both as helpers and information providers to those who seek to enter such professions, are proposed.     

Prosocial behavior increases perceptions of meaning in life

Finding meaning in life is a fundamental personal need, and motivating prosocial behavior is a fundamental societal need. The present research tests whether the two are connected – whether helping other people can increase helpers’ perceptions of meaning in life. Evidence from a nationally representative data-set and two experiments support this hypothesis. Participants who engaged in prosocial behaviors – volunteering and spending money to benefit others – reported experiencing greater meaning in their lives (Studies 1–3). Study 3 also identifies increased self-worth as the mechanism – participants who spent money to benefit other people felt higher personal worth and self-esteem, and this mediated the effect of prosocial behavior on meaningfulness. The present results join other findings in suggesting that the incentives for helping others do not necessarily depend on the prospect of others’ reciprocity. Prosocial behavior can be incentivized through the psychological benefits it creates for prosocial actors.     

Partners and Fellow Patients: Two Sources of Emotional Support for Women with Breast Cancer

This study examined the helping process that occurred when 26 breast cancer patients (the disclosers) talked about their illness-related concerns with their partner and, in a separate conversation, with a fellow patient (the volunteer helpers). The conversations were rated by trained observers and by the disclosers in terms of several process and outcome variables. From the observers' perspective, the volunteer helpers were more helpful, empathic, and supportive, less critical, and used more self-disclosure than the partners. Disclosers did not differentiate between the two types of helper, and gave generally high ratings to both conversations. Strengths and weaknesses of each type of helper were identified. Findings are discussed in relation to the literature on formal and informal helping, and implications for training nonprofessional helpers are suggested.     

个体助人行为的形成与发展——基于扎根理论的探究

为了解个体助人行为的发生、发展和变化,本研究采用质性研究方法,围绕日常生活中助人行为深度访谈了10名始成年期的高助人者,运用扎根理论对访谈资料进行分析和理论建构。发现个体助人行为的发展可分成三个阶段：形成期、冲击期及稳固期,各发展阶段以对助人行为的认知和主要动机为核心,呈现出稳定-外控、不稳定-外控、稳定-内控的特点,据此提出助人行为的发展历程,并讨论了研究的理论价值、现实意义及局限。