基于个体的退休心理模型

退休是个体在特定年龄领取养老金的行为及动态过程。退休模型包括退休的影响因素模型、退休过程模型和退休结果模型三类。其中,退休的影响因素模型包括前因变量模型和退休多水平模型,分别从个人-环境和宏观角度提出了影响退休的各类因素;退休过程模型包括退休决策三阶段模型、退休时间过程模型和退休适应动态模型,分别从阶段性、个体差异性和动态性的角度揭示了退休过程的心理特点;退休结果模型分析了退休对个人和组织的影响。退休四阶段模型是在西方模型的基础上结合中国国情提出的一个整合模型。未来研究应丰富研究对象的类型、揭示影响退休的心理学变量的作用机制、加强应用性并进行本土化研究。     

影响城市退休人员再就业意向的相关因素研究*

为了更好地促进退休人员人力资源的开发和提高退休人员的生活质量,本研究采用城市退休人员再就业自我效能量表等工具对城市退休人员的再就业意向进行调查。探索了影响退休人员再就业意向的相关因素以及它们之间相互的关系。结果发现:男性退休人员比女性退休人员再就业意向更强;年龄越低再就业意向越强;专业技术比受教育程度对退休人员的再就业意向有更大影响;就业机会、再就业态度、再就业自我效能和他人支持都能显著地预测再就业意向。研究表明,再就业自我效能通过再就业态度影响再就业意向,工具性态度通过情感性态度影响再就业意向,外部因素(就业机会、他人支持)能通过内部因素(求职自我效能)对再就业意向产生影响。     

迷信心理研究述评

迷信在西方心理学界一直是一个比较热门的研究课题,而国内心理研究者对这方面的研究还没有给予足够的重视。文章从迷信的定义、理论以及影响因素三个方面对迷信心理研究做了阐述,并总结了目前迷信心理研究的不足：首先,到目前为止迷信的定义还没有得到统一。其次,迷信心理理论研究还有待进一步完善。再次,对迷信心理的影响因素研究结果存在较大的争论,迷信心理测量工具的信效度以及文化适用性有待进一步检验。迷信心理研究今后应在迷信内涵、测量工具以及实证研究方面进行深入探索     

天才离不开掌声

心去繁冗自得闲。 退休前,亲朋好友对自己的忠告总不外乎：要妥善地规划退休后的生活,不要让自己太清闲,君不见有些退休人员因为没有好好规划,退休后一两年就抑郁而终吗？退休后,亲朋好友见面第一。句话也大多是：退休后都‘忙’些什么事？似乎必得找些事来“忙”,才是有意义的生活。     

癌症患者灵性需求及其相关因素的研究进展

总结了灵性相关概念及本质内涵,明确了灵性与心理、宗教的区别和联系,阐述了国内外癌症患者灵性需求评估工具的开发及使用情况,详细分析了癌症患者灵性需求相关因素的研究进展。目前国内关于灵性需求的研究刚刚起步,提出为更好地了解癌症患者灵性需求状况,在后续的研究中考虑扩大研究的样本量并进行影响因素分析,对存在争议的定义以及影响因素进行进一步的探究,开发与中国国情及传统文化相适应的灵性需求评估工具,探索并建立起符合中国文化特色的灵性照顾的基本框架。     

组织公正氛围的理论机制、研究视角及研究框架

组织公正是员工对工作场所公正环境的心理感知, 研究层面有个体与群体之分。以往研究多集中在个体层面, 以致研究结果缺乏对群体现象的有效解释。进入新世纪学者们开始关注群体层面的公正氛围研究, 并在理论和实证方面取得了较大突破。通过回顾相关研究可以发现：(1)在理论机制上, 公正氛围的形成可以通过社会信息加工理论、吸引-选择-磨合模型、公正传染概念和公正启发理论来解释; (2)在研究视角上, 主要存在维度视角、整体视角、感知来源视角、氛围属性视角和第三方视角; (3)在研究主题上, 主要涉及领导、团队和组织三方面对公正氛围的影响, 以及公正氛围对个体、团队和组织三个层面的影响效果。未来研究可着重从多种领导行为对不同公正氛围影响的比较、其他领导因素对公正氛围的影响、不同公正氛围对结果变量影响的比较、新视角公正氛围测量方法的尝试, 以及文化因素对公正氛围的影响研究等方面入手。     

心理学研究工具刍议

本文探讨了心理学研究工具的几个侧面：在心理学研究工具的界定问题上,心理学科同时具备自然科学和社会科学属性的学科特殊性,造成了心理学研究工具的多样化,应以一种更宽广的视角来界定心理学研究工具;在心理学研究工具的价值上,本文探讨了研究工具与心理学理论的相互影响和相互关系,理论假设会对工具使用过程造成影响,而工具的使用和发展对理论的建构和发展也有着重要的影响。在心理学研究工具的发展趋势上,在部分科研工具的高端化和精密化的同时,教学演示工具、学生实验仪器、心理测验、心理康复与心理治疗工具表现出不同的发展趋势。     

退休后有失落感,怎么办?

<正>问:我是一个事业单位的退休人员,退休前身体健康,生活规律。但年初退休后,心理失落感很大,一直比较郁闷,无精打采,身体状况也越来越差。我是基督徒,却不知道如何是好,请指点。弟兄:李浩答:李浩弟兄,你好!像你这样的情况在不少退休人员中比较普遍,只是表现程度不一而已。退休是人生的一大转折,它预示着原来的生活习惯、经济收入、地位和名誉等将发生变化。退休后,离开了多年倾心、热爱的工作岗位,生活环境及生活方式都会发生很大变化。因此可能产生一些的心理障碍,干扰和损害老年人的生理功能和抵抗疾病的能力,影响神经、免疫、内分泌及其他系统的功能,从而引发和加重各种心身疾病。有人称上述现象为"离退休综合征"。据统计,约24.6%退休老     

大道至“简”：极简主义消费内涵解构与理论阐释

随着经济社会的不断发展与物质生活的日益丰富, 一股消费“清流”——极简主义消费愈来愈受到学界和业界的共同关注。极简主义消费是人们出于社会意识或个人理念而自发采取的一种“从简”式消费行为, 覆盖个人、社会和自然各个层面。受人口变量、心理特质、情境线索和宗教文化等因素驱动, 极简主义消费对个体心理健康与行为决策产生重要影响。基本价值理论、自我决定理论、需求层次理论和自我调节理论是认识和理解极简主义消费形成路径与影响机制的重要理论视角。未来研究可进一步厘清极简主义消费的构念与维度内涵, 采用科学流程开发测量工具, 深化本土化和跨文化研究, 并从多元理论视角, 综合运用不同实证方法, 深入探索其前因后效、心理机制和边界条件。     

从“留学热”到“海归潮”:海归群体反向文化震荡的心理与行为效应

海归在国外生活一段时间后重返国内,通常面临反向文化震荡和文化再适应困难,而反向文化震荡会对个体的认知、情绪、社会适应等产生复杂影响。本文梳理并评述了关于海归群体的反向文化震荡的实证研究,从文化心理学的理论视角剖析了产生这些心理与行为后果的内在过程和影响因素,以期为海归群体的文化再适应问题提供理论分析和实践启示,进而为政府部门以及高等教育工作者的决策和管理提供科学参考。     

Antecedents of bridge employment: a longitudinal investigation

Bridge employment is the labor force participation pattern increasingly observed in older workers between their career jobs and their complete labor force withdrawal. It serves as a transition process from career employment to full retirement. Typical bridge employment decisions include full retirement, career bridge employment, and bridge employment in a different field. In the current study, 3 dominant theories (i.e., role theory, continuity theory, and life course perspective) on retirement processes were reviewed. On the basis of these theories, the authors proposed 4 categories of antecedents (i.e., individual attributes, job-related psychological variables, family-related variables, and a retirement-planning-related variable) of different types of bridge employment decisions. The authors used longitudinal data of a large, nationally representative sample from the Health and Retirement Study (F. Juster & R. Suzman, 1995) to test the current hypotheses. These data were analyzed with multinomial logistic regression, and most of the hypotheses were supported by the results. The implications of this study are discussed at both theoretical and practical levels.     

Planification de l’âge du départ à la retraite professionnelle : contribution de l’ouverture aux expériences

The present research examines mechanisms underlying planned retirement age by applying Beehr’Model (1986). The contribution of personality traits was investigated among 300 active employees. Multiple regression analyses, performed at both broad and facet-level, revealed that Openness to experiences and ideas positively contribute to planned retirement age beyond variables of Beehr’Model (i.e., personal, contextual and psychological variables). This study contributes to an in-depth understand of planning retirement mechanisms and insists on the major role of dispositional variables.     

Outcome expectations and work design characteristics in post-retirement work planning

Today, a growing number of individuals decide to work beyond normal retirement age (Eurofound, 2012). Research has revealed influencing factors for post-retirement work at the individual, job and organizational, family, and socioeconomic levels. However, not much is known about post-retirement work planning and its antecedents. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of outcome expectations regarding post-retirement work and two work design characteristics (i.e., physical demands and social support at work) on post-retirement work planning by applying the framework of social cognitive career theory (SCCT; Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994). Data from 1065 employees of a German logistics company were used in this study. Results provide support for SCCT to be a suitable theoretical framework for understanding post-retirement career planning and thereby expand the application of SCCT to a new field. Furthermore, multilevel analysis revealed that physical demands were negatively related to the intention to continue to work for the pre-retirement employer after retirement entry, whereas social support at work strengthened the relationship between outcome expectations and same-employer-post-retirement work intention. Organizations who want their retired employees to continue to work in retirement should develop interventions to strengthen post-retirement work outcome expectations. An increase in social support at work as well as a reduction in physical demands may also contribute to increased participation in continued work with the same employer in retirement.     

Outcome expectations and work design characteristics in post-retirement work planning

Today, a growing number of individuals decide to work beyond normal retirement age (Eurofound, 2012). Research has revealed influencing factors for post-retirement work at the individual, job and organizational, family, and socioeconomic levels. However, not much is known about post-retirement work planning and its antecedents. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of outcome expectations regarding post-retirement work and two work design characteristics (i.e., physical demands and social support at work) on post-retirement work planning by applying the framework of social cognitive career theory (SCCT; Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994). Data from 1065 employees of a German logistics company were used in this study. Results provide support for SCCT to be a suitable theoretical framework for understanding post-retirement career planning and thereby expand the application of SCCT to a new field. Furthermore, multilevel analysis revealed that physical demands were negatively related to the intention to continue to work for the pre-retirement employer after retirement entry, whereas social support at work strengthened the relationship between outcome expectations and same-employer-post-retirement work intention. Organizations who want their retired employees to continue to work in retirement should develop interventions to strengthen post-retirement work outcome expectations. An increase in social support at work as well as a reduction in physical demands may also contribute to increased participation in continued work with the same employer in retirement.     

Nudges and signposts: The effect of smart defaults and pictographic risk information on retirement saving investment choices

The authors tested two interventions to improve retirement savings investment decisions. In an incentive‐compatible experiment, 459 participants engaged in a task simulating their working life. Periodically during the simulation, participants chose between different investment options. The authors examined the effectiveness of a “nudge” by manipulating the default option and the effectiveness of a “signpost” by manipulating the display of a pictograph summarizing the expected return of each option. Participants often followed the default option, particularly when it was “smart” (i.e., became more conservative as retirement approached) and when presented together with dynamic pictographs (i.e., updated each year assuming the investment was held until retirement). Those most likely to make optimal choices (i.e., consistent with the life cycle model) were presented with a smart default or dynamic pictographs. These findings reveal how different choice architecture interventions can be used to positively influence behavior. Retirement funds and regulators can support retirement savings decisions by the provision of smart defaults and better risk information in the form of pictographs.     

我国运动员退役意识与心理状态的定量分析

基于运动员退役过程理论,对我国运动员的退役意识和生活心理状态进行定量分析,旨在探索运动员在退役过程中的意识与心理状态变化。通过对789名运动员（现役运动员540人,退役运动员249人）的退役意识和生活心理状态调查,结果发现运动员的退役意识主要反映在运动员角色和退役准备的认知方面,当运动员角色的认知下降时,退役准备的认知会上升;在生活心理状态的评估方面,有退役想法的运动员要比无退役想法的运动员差;现役运动员的心理状态与退役运动员的心理状态在表现形式上不一样,主要表现为现役运动员反映了较高的生活焦虑,而退役运动员反映了较高的孤独感;分析进一步发现,运动员在退役过程中普遍感到缺乏社会支持。基于以上这些发现,研究从社会心理学角度,讨论了我国运动员退役的意识与心理现状     

Predicting retirement preparation through the design of a new measure

Researchers' capacity to investigate retirement planning behaviour is impeded by the lack of rigorous measurement within the literature. For this study, a comprehensive measure based on the reflexive planning domains of public protection, self‐insurance, and self‐protection was developed and evaluated in a sample of 174 employees aged ≥45 years. Variables of gender, age, income and core self‐evaluations were examined for their influence on planning effort in each of the three domains. Results indicated a clean, three‐factor structure for retirement planning behaviours. All variables emerged as predictors of planning effort in one or more domains. Implications of results for future research into retirement planning and the targeting of planning interventions are discussed.     

Psychological Foundations of Financial Planning for Retirement

Little is known about the psychological mechanisms that underlie financial planning for retirement. Most studies of financial planning and investing have used demographic indicators (e.g., age, gender, income) to predict individual differences in saving. In the present study, a model of planning is tested in which psychological indicators (future time perspective, retirement goal clarity, and self-rated financial knowledge) are posited to mediate the relationship between demographic indicators and saving behaviors. Path-analytic techniques were used to test the model, based on data from 265 middle-aged working adults. Analyses revealed substantial support for the role of psychological factors in the retirement planning process. Findings have theoretical implications for the development of psychologically based models of planning, as well as applied implications for those who seek to understand the psychomotivational forces that underlie tendencies to plan and save.     

Is Retirement Good or Bad for Subjective Well-Being?

Retirement has been viewed either as a transition that is accompanied by psychological distress or as a time of continued, or even enhanced, subjective well-being. Existing evidence is mixed, with some studies reporting retirement as positively related to well-being and others reporting a negative relationship or none at all. Our research indicates that developmental and social contexts shape an individual’s retirement decisions and experiences, so that retirement should be studied in its ecological and life-course context. Research on marital quality and subjective well-being in retirement has demonstrated both similarities and differences between men and women, as well as the need to consider couples conjointly (rather than viewing individuals in isolation). Future research focusing on the retirement process as it unfolds over time and in ecological context can serve to illuminate the circumstances under which retirement promotes or detracts from the quality of life.