国际心理传记学研究述评

心理传记学是采用心理学的理论和方法来研究非凡人物生命故事的一门学问。文章对百余年来国际心理传记学的发展状况进行了回顾,将其发展分为三个阶段：案例研究阶段、理论探索阶段和学科发展阶段。该学科在传主资料的筛选与处理方法、解释模型等理论研究方面已获得了较丰富的成果,并已形成三个稳定的研究领域。在我国开展心理传记学研究,要避免人物研究的病理化倾向和艺术式的纯质化道路,并加强应用探讨以及着手进行中国杰出心理学家的心理传记研究。     

论心理学发展的困境与出路

近年来西方心理学家对心理学发展取向提出强烈批评。综合各家所论,心理学以往发展的困境乃是由于：(1)自哲学心理学到科学心理学对人性解释的理论始终纷歧,以致无法形成常规科学条件;(2)科学心理学自始即标榜自然科学而缺独立意识;(3)强调科学方法,忽视人性特质而陷入削足适履困境。因此,今后国内心理学的发展势不能再全盘西化,而应在人性特质与本土文化基础上吸取西方心理学精义,针对国人心理特质研究发展出属於自己的理论与应用心理学。本文最后提出的四会能力教学构想,希望对本土文化取向应用心理学的研究发挥一点抛砖引玉作用。     

作为人性科学的心理学

确立心理学的学科属性是审查该学科发展状况的基础。心理学作为一门人性科学,却没有按照人的本质属性来发展适合自身独特对象的研究方法而直接照搬探究物的自然科学的客观实验方法。因此,人作为心理学的主题和对象逐渐迷失在大量的经验研究中,以至于当人们读完心理学的著作之后,根本不能回答"人是什么"这个促使近代心理学诞生的古老哲学问题,甚至没有意识到这是一个问题。要使心理学健康发展,就必须认识到本学科旨在探究人性的历史使命,必须意识到心理学作为人性科学这个基本前提。只有在这个基础上,才可能建立起符合人性本身的方法论、学科观、价值观,进而发展出具有独特学科价值的心理学。     

人文社会医学版征文重点

医学人文关怀　医学的人文性质和医学人文关怀实践的论述和研究。当代医学对人文的诉求;当代医学人性的异化研究;后现代医学与医学人文、医学人文关怀的内涵与实践、医院的发展与医学人文关怀;医院管理的人文关怀。医学伦理学理论研究医学伦理学中的绝对主义与相对主义。伦理原则在具体应用过程中的相对与绝对;医生决定与病人自主权的绝对与相对;民族主义与伦理绝对主义及相对主义。中国的传统文化与生命伦理学。儒家传统对中国医学道德的影响;儒、道、佛的传统对中国医学道道德的影响(包括积极与消极的)与分析;跨文化的生命伦理学研究;西方…     

人文社会医学版征文重点

医学人文关怀医学的人文性质和医学人文关怀实践的论述和研究。当代医学对人文的诉求;当代医学人性的异化研究;后现代医学与医学人文、医学人文关怀的内涵与实践、医院的发展与医学人文关怀;医院管理的人文关怀。医学伦理学理论研究医学伦理学中的绝对主义与相对主义。伦理原则在具体应用过程中的相对与绝对;医生决定与病人自主权的绝对与相对;民族主义与伦理绝对主义及相对主义。中国的传统文化与生命伦理学。儒家传统对中国医学道德的影响;儒、道、佛的传统对中国医学道道德的影响(包括积极与消极的)与分析;跨文化的生命伦理学研究;西方生…     

华生关怀理论在1例非血统妄想患者照护中的应用

随着我国经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高,精神心理疾病越来越突出地成为影响人类健康的公共卫生问题.精神分裂症是最常见的精神疾病,而作为其主要临床表现的妄想症状则严重影响了患者及其家属的身心健康及日常生活.护理理论家华生提出人文照护理论,提倡关注服务对象的内心世界和主观经历,结合科学与人文知识给予患者人性的呵护,帮助患者达到生理、心理及心灵的协调状态.本文回顾分析报告以华生的人文关怀理论为指导,综合运用支持、情绪与压力管理、团体治疗等技术,并积极探索多元化的治疗方法和新技术,对1例非血统妄想精神分裂症患者施予的人文关怀照护的过程.     

人文社会医学版征文重点

医学人文关怀医学的人文性质和医学人文关怀实践的论述和研究。当代医学对人文的诉求;当代医学人性的异化研究;后现代医学与医学人文、医学人文关怀的内涵与实践、医院的发展与医学人文关怀;医院管理的人文关怀。医学伦理学理论研究医学伦理学中的绝对主义与相对主义。伦理原则     

三毛自杀原因及人格形成之心理传记学研究

通过对传主三毛的作品、谈话与朋友对其的评价等材料,运用了Alexander提出的"凸显性识别指标"以及Schultz提出的"原型场景"对传主资料筛选和分析,从心理传记学的取向出发,通过分析三毛的早期生活经历、爱情与婚姻状况以及宗教信仰与人格特征三方面,分析三毛自杀原因这一悬念性问题,论证了什么样的心理因素导致三毛的自杀,而这样的心理因素又是由什么样的成长历程所导致。     

基于环境心理学的老城街道优化研究——以澳门十月初五日街为例

为缓解城市现代化发展中的交通压力,老城街道优化往往更注重如何满足通行需求,从而忽视了社会环境和心理环境。以澳门十月初五日街为例,通过文献研究及田野调查,针对当下街道优化中缺失的对场域环境的认知,基于环境心理学探讨街道优化方案,强调街道优化设计中人性关怀的融入、具身认知理论的运用,以期增强人们的认同感、归属感和幸福感,拉近人与人之间的关系。     

西方心理学的马克思主义研究取向评述

当今国外心理学研究的各流派中涌现出了马克思主义新取向。这显示了马克思主义思想要素的影响力及其对心理学科发展的积极贡献,体现出马克思主义新的生命活力和科学创新精神。但同时,心理学的马克思主义取向研究也遇到了巨大的阻抗力量,马克思主义也面临着严峻的考验。当前,如何认识心理学研究中马克思主义的理论资源,在辩证唯物主义精神的指引下推动心理学的研究,是中国心理学界需要进一步研究和解决的重大问题之一。     

论伦理学与诠释学的内在关系

人的行为活动趋于善的特性,是人类活动的价值特性。人通过教化、通过自己的价值活动,能够对自己的本性作出决定,能够化性起伪,决定自己是什么人或成为什么样的人,从而建构一个道德价值意义的世界,使自己获得作为诠释的诠释视域。同时,在一个多元性价值观念的世界,对于事物产生误解或理解分歧的可能性直接要求诠释学的在场。诠释学的理解要求一种回到前理解的共享性前见中去,在这个意义上,人具有作为伦理诠释和诠释理解的双重身份。伦理学与诠释学的内在贯通,从根本上看,在于它们都分有着实践理性的特性。这种实践理性体现在,普遍的东西的具体化。换言之,是普遍性知识与具体实践情境的结合。     

Hermeneutic Inquiry in Depth Psychology: A Practical and Philosophical Reflection

This article examines foundational issues with respect to hermeneutic inquiry in depth psychology. Originally presented in a symposium on the relationship between psychological science and practice, the article begins by questioning psychology's commitment to its original vocations in both science and practice. The article then examines foundational perspectives in hermeneutic inquiry including the significance and implications of the hermeneutic circle for research in depth psychology. Following Martin Heidegger's phenomenological hermeneutic approach to scientific and philosophical inquiry, the article distinguishes between methodological and ontological hermeneutics and offers practical suggestions and examples for hermeneutic inquiry in the field. The article goes on to expose the origins and meaning of the term depth psychology and then reconsiders the term through the ontological perspective of Daseinsanalysis, suggesting that depth psychology is a psychology of the secret, a psychology of concealment as such. Finally, the relevance of a hermeneutic perspective for research in depth psychology is discussed by briefly dialoging core concerns in the work of Sigmund Freud and Martin Heidegger.     

理解心理学:历史形态、特征与评析

理解心理学是一种坚持心理学的人文科学取向,倡导人特有研究方式的建构与运用,以达成对人及其心理生活本质或生命意义与价值的理解、描述为目标的心理学流派、思想主张或形态。其发展先后呈现出知识论取向的理解心理学、价值论(或生存论)取向的理解心理学、整合论取向的理解心理学。在方法论上具有鲜明的人文主义特征,致力于探究人的社会本性,构筑了人文科学心理学的历史样态。未来,理解心理学还需摒弃非此即彼的思维方式,携手说明心理学共同推动心理学走向成熟     

Culture and Social Structure: Identity in Turkey

Using a historical and biographical perspective, this paper examines the structural elements and cultural signs of contemporary social events and problems in Turkey in order to understand their basic features. Hermeneutics is used in order to understand contemporary Turkey by way of its historical background and prominent biographies. Two basic epic texts were interpreted using Gadamarian hermeneutics with the help of key concepts such as gaza¹ and gaza cult. Semiotics is used to examine key concepts as binary opposites. Dialectics is used to understand these concepts as the unity of binary opposites coexisting at the same time and place. It is concluded that the contemporary cultural values and biographies explored are linked to their historical past and Islam seems to be more influential on hybrid identities than on ethnic status.     

Integration of Psychological Researches under the Scheme of Subjectivity

The issue of meaning gradually catches psychologists’ attention and is increasingly becoming a focus of study in contemporary psychology. Elstrup’s (2009) research about social evolution gives a reasonable angle on meaning study, which is in accordance with the nature of both human and personal psychological evolution and allows us to see subjectivity and dynamics of psychological phenomena through the focus of the subject-object relation. A phylogenetic system of explanation based on subject-object relation will be able to integrate new psychological research directions. This means that we should see psychological phenomena as historic and the research methods of cultural ecology as absolutely necessary.     

Measure development and the hermeneutic task

I examine the dynamics of measure development using two case studies: temperature, and health-related quality of life. I argue, following Bas van Fraassen and Leah McClimans that in each case these dynamics have a hermeneutic structure. Measure development is plagued by epistemic circularity, as is the task of interpreting a text, and similar strategies can be used in both measure development and hermeneutics to overcome that circularity. I show that Hans Georg Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics in particular are an effective lens through which to examine the development of the temperature standard as described by Hasok Chang. Despite similar grounding in hermeneutics, I note an important difference between measure development for temperature and for health-related quality of life. Namely, while the meaning of temperature can be standardized, the meaning of health-related quality of life cannot. This standardization of meaning for the temperature concept represents a limit to the analogy with hermeneutics. Finally, I argue that the indeterminacy we find in health-related quality of life measurement is a result not only of analogy with the hermeneutic task, but of full-fledged participation in it.

     

孟子“以意逆志”说考论

从文学解释学的角度系统研究孟子的“以意逆志”说 :考察其诗学背景 ,论列其理论基础 ,我们就可以从另一个视角较为深入地分析其理论内涵 ,充分地论证它在中国古典解释学史上的开创意义 ,即“以意逆志”说是中国第一个具有自觉理论意识和深厚理论内涵的心理解释方法论。在当时 ,它具有可贵的创造性 ;对后世 ,它具有深远的启示性。     

A narratological methodology for identifying archetypal story patterns in autobiographical narratives

Based on Jung's definition of archetype the concept 'archetypal story pattern' is developed as well as a research method drawing on narrative analysis and biographical research to identify these archetypal story patterns in life stories. Jung pointed out that personal myths, archetypal patterns found, e.g., in mythology, can govern the life course of individuals unconsciously. In the Theory of Narrative Identity comparable concepts have been mentioned but were never fully developed. In my research I try to combine Jung's concept of the archetype with the elaborated methodology of narrative analysis. Archetypes can manifest as narratives and the identity construction of a person via narrating the life story can be influenced or even totally structured by archetypal stories which give a specific form as well as a specific meaning to the person's identity. The method of extracting an underlying archetypal pattern from an autobiographical narrative is demonstrated. The results of the research on 20 autobiographical interviews and the inherent archetypal patterns are summarized. The major aim of this paper is to describe in detail the application of a well established method of the social sciences on a key concept of Jungian psychology to show that these concepts can be integrated into recent research frameworks of academic sciences. On the other hand it shows that Jungian concepts can be investigated through established and well defined research methods in empirical research settings.     

The hermeneutic background of C. G. Jung

Hermeneutics has been central to the practice of Jung's psychology from the beginning, although he never fully and consistently developed a hermeneutic method of inquiry and the literature addressing this aspect of his psychology is not extensive. In this paper(1) we undertake a critical re-examination of Jung's relationship to hermeneutic thought, based on his explicit references to hermeneutics in the Collected Works and his theoretical development of the notion of archetypes. Although Jung did not consistently formulate a hermeneutic approach to inquiry, his theoretical development of archetypes is rich in hermeneutic implications. In particular, his notion of the archetype as such can be understood hermeneutically as a form of non-conceptual background understanding. Some implications of this construal of archetypes for Jungian hermeneutics as a form of inquiry are considered.     

The State of the Story in Personality Psychology

Personality psychologists have been studying narratives for decades. Their work offers significant insights into the meaning of the stories people tell. This article highlights some historical antecedents as well as the latest research findings from the growing area of personality psychology that focuses on narrative approaches. First, narrative research in personality shows that imaginative stories reveal enduring implicit motivations linked to affect, thought, and behavior. Second, autobiographical stories play a significant role in self‐development and personal identity formation. The narration of one's story is a process influenced over the life span by age‐related capacities and various psychological needs that occur in social and cultural contexts.