不平则鸣:关于劳资冲突分析的文献综述

本文试图从组织公正的角度来理解劳资冲突产生的原因及其表现形式,即认为组织(企业)层次上的劳资冲突源于应该由雇主(资方或其代理者)负责的雇员的不公正感,把雇员对这种不公正感的行为反应视为劳资冲突的表现形式。根据这个思路,本文在回顾有关文献的基础上提出了一个分析组织(企业)层次上的劳资冲突的理论框架。     

工作情境中的人格研究：回顾与展望

人格研究对任何层次的组织行为都产生了深远的影响,大量元分析都显示了人格特质对工作动机、工作绩效、员工幸福感、压力与应对、团队效能、冲突与谈判、权利与政治、领导以及反组织行为等组织行为指标具有良好的预测力。但是人格研究在组织中的应用因为人格测验的效度和被试在测验中“作假”而饱受争议和批评。人格理论的拓展及其跨文化的适用性,人格特质的负面作用以及结合组织情境的动态研究都是今后研究值得关注和探索的方向。     

个人－环境(组织)匹配视角的员工幸福感

个人-环境匹配与员工幸福感的相关研究集中在整体工作满意度、情感幸福感、工作层面满意度、心理幸福感四个方面; 当前的研究不仅关注个人-环境的匹配与员工幸福感的相关, 还重视个人-环境的不匹配及其方向性对员工幸福感的影响; 并通过引入调节变量构建整合的员工幸福感影响因素模型。今后的研究要对相关概念进行清晰界定, 对员工幸福感的研究内容需要超越工作满意度, 要关注个人-环境匹配的不同层面与幸福感的关系, 在方法上要结合组织情境开展动态研究。     

互动公平对员工幸福感的影响:心理授权的中介作用与权力距离的调节作用

近些年,由于积极心理学的兴起,员工幸福感的研究得到了广泛的关注。本论文从互动公平这一特定的组织公平概念出发,以公平理论为主体,并结合自我决定理论,从心理授权的视角既分析了互动公平影响员工幸福感的内在机制,又探讨了权力距离对整个影响机制的调节作用。通过对国内一家制造业企业的199名员工多时点匹配问卷的调查,结果表明:互动公平与员工幸福感之间呈现正相关关系;心理授权中介了互动公平对员工幸福感的影响作用;权力距离不仅负向调节了互动公平与心理授权之间的关系,而且还负向调节了互动公平—心理授权—员工幸福感这一中介机制。本研究的发现有利于充分了解互动公平影响员工幸福感的内在机制和边界条件,同时能为管理实践提供更好的指导,有效地提高员工幸福感。     

工作性通信工具使用与双职工夫妻的幸福感：基于溢出-交叉效应的分析

工作性通信工具使用(W_ICTs)是一种新兴的工作行为,指员工在非工作时间使用通信工具处理工作。为帮助组织和个人从整体上了解W_ICTs对员工生活的影响并对其进行管理,以278对配对调查数据为样本,基于溢出?交叉效应视角探讨了 W_I C Ts 与双职工夫妻幸福感的关系及作用机制。结构方程模型分析发现：丈夫和妻子的W_I C Ts均可通过加剧个体的工作→家庭冲突、诱发夫妻之间的社会阻抑行为进而降低双方的幸福感,同时也可通过促进个体的工作→家庭增益、抑制夫妻之间的社会阻抑行为进而提升双方的幸福感;但整体而言,妻子的 W_ICTs会显著降低夫妻双方的幸福感,而丈夫的 W_ICTs不会显著影响夫妻双方的幸福感。研究提示,组织在进行 W_I C Ts管理时,应充分考虑其对女性员工的负向影响;就员工个体而言,男性和女性均可通过加强与配偶的沟通,减少夫妻间的社会阻抑行为,进而预防 W_I C Ts 的不良影响,促进W_I C Ts的积极影响。     

组织决策的影响力分布特征及中英比较

本研究深入分析了组织内部各层次及外部机构对 1 8项决策的影响力。结果指出 :①我国企业存在着四种高层管理与中层管理的决策分工协作模型 ,即高层主导决策、中层自主决策、共同决策及层次决策模型 ,这说明我国企业中层管理的作用得到了加强 ,他们对决策的影响高于英国企业。②中国企业中 ,工人和基层管理的影响力普遍较小 ,尤其是在短期决策上 ,他们的影响力显著地小于英国企业。③中、英两国企业工会的影响力都很小 ,没有显著差别。但是从阻止力上分析 ,英国企业工会的作用显著地大于中国企业。这说明阻止力是一种独特的影响决策的方式 ,需要进一步的研究。     

配偶情绪智力对员工工作投入的影响：员工生活幸福感的中介作用和性别的调节作用

本文关注配偶情绪智力对员工工作投入的跨领域的人际间影响。基于努力-恢复模型视角和情绪智力文献, 本文提出高情绪智力的配偶能够通过提升员工生活幸福感, 从而促进员工工作投入。此外, 通过整合社会性别角色理论, 本文进一步讨论了员工性别的调节作用。通过两个子研究, 本文发现：配偶情绪智力与员工生活幸福感之间呈现正相关关系; 员工生活幸福感与员工工作投入之间呈现正相关关系; 员工生活幸福感中介了配偶情绪智力对员工工作投入的影响; 并且, 员工性别调节了配偶情绪智力和员工生活幸福感之间的关系, 即当员工为男性时, 配偶情绪智力对该员工生活幸福感的正向影响更强; 此外, 员工性别还调节了员工生活幸福感在配偶情绪智力和员工工作投入之间起到的中介作用。本研究首次提出和检验了配偶情绪智力对员工工作投入的跨领域的人际间积极影响, 具有理论和实践上的重要意义。     

情与理对立视角下管理者亲社会违规对员工行为的影响机理:一项跨层次追踪研究

中国企业中,员工组织公民和职场偏差两种相反的行为,都与管理者亲社会违规有密切正向联系。为解释此矛盾现象,将管理者亲社会违规在组织层次和个体层次上分别视作一种客观实际和员工知觉,并结合情与理相对立的视角,探究其对员工行为的跨层次影响机理。具体包括四项内容:(1)管理者亲社会违规在中国情境下的概念化和量表开发;(2)领导信任和制度信任在知觉的管理者亲社会违规与公民和偏差行为间的不同中介效应,以及中庸思维和中国正义观的调节效应;(3)关怀氛围和规则氛围在实际的管理者亲社会违规与公民和偏差行为间的不同中介效应,以及领导沟通和关系实践的调节效应;(4)实际的管理者亲社会违规对个体层次上中介机制的调节效应。有助于管理者理性应对规则和人情的冲突,并为管理实践变革提供启示。     

企业员工人口学变量、工作特征与主观幸福感的关系：工作压力的作用

本研究通过对北京、上海、南京、成都、长沙及广州266名企业员工有效样本的测查,考察了员工幸福感在人口学变量和工作特征变量上的差异,探讨了工作压力对幸福感的影响机制,发现不同年龄、学历、企业所有制、行业和工作岗位的员工的幸福感水平差异显著,人口学变量和工作特征对幸福感有交互作用。回归分析发现,工作压力、学历和工作类别变量分别直接影响幸福感,年龄和学历还通过工作压力间接影响幸福感。     

冲突还是增益？员工资质过剩感知对工作家庭关系的影响

近年来,随着高等教育的普及和经济环境变化,组织中员工感知的资质过剩现象愈发普遍,引发了越来越多企业管理者和学者的关注和讨论。然而以往有关员工资质过剩感知的研究主要聚焦于对组织内成员工作态度或行为的影响,而对于其是否以及如何产生工作外溢出效应,特别是如何对工作家庭关系产生影响,尚缺乏系统研究。为了更深入地探讨员工资质过剩感知的影响,本研究从员工个体的工作-家庭关系和其配偶的家庭-工作关系两方面,探讨了员工资质过剩感知的工作场所外溢出效应和交叉影响。具体而言,第一,基于认知评价理论,构建了员工资质过剩感知对其自身工作-家庭冲突的“悖论”中介模型,从而揭示其潜在的双刃剑效应;第二,基于工作-家庭增益模型,探讨员工资质过剩感知对其工作-家庭增益的双路径机制和边界条件;第三,结合交叉效应和性别角色导向理论,探索员工资质过剩感知对其配偶家庭-工作冲突和家庭-工作增益的交叉效应模型,明确员工性别与性别角色导向的双重调节作用,从而深化并拓展员工资质过剩感知的工作外影响研究。相关发现不但有助于从不同理论视角揭示员工资质过剩感知对工作家庭关系的影响,丰富现有理论基础,同时也将为企业的管理实践提供建议。     

UNION INVOLVEMENT IN QUALITY-OF-WORKLIFE EFFORTS: A LONGITUDINAL INVESTIGATION

The purpose of this study is to investigate potential outcomes for unions involved in joint union-management QWL efforts. Subjects (rank-and-file union members) from three different QWL efforts within one organization were identified and measured at two points in time to determine what impact a joint QWL effort would have on their perceptions of the union. Results indicate that after QWL involvement, participants perceive a higher level of union influence in job areas where unions have not traditionally been involved (i.e., implementing technological changes, helping improve service to customers). In traditional job areas (i.e., scheduling shift changes and vacations) an interaction between the perception of QWL success and union influence was noted. The findings also indicated a desire by the "silent majority" of union members to become involved in QWL efforts. Finally, the present research suggests that after QWL involvement, a majority of the rank-and-file members who perceived QWL as successful gave equal credit for the success to both union and management. The rank-and-file members who perceived QWL as unsuccessful tended to blame management for the lack of success. Implications of these findings and the need for more research in this area are discussed.     

Union commitment and participation: a 10-year longitudinal study

The authors longitudinally investigated the causal nature of the relationship between union commitment and participation in informal union activities. A total of 134 members of the National Association of Letter Carriers were studied over a 10-year period. Using cross-lagged regression analysis, early union commitment was found to predict the level of informal union participation 10 years later. The reverse and reciprocal relationships were not supported. These findings support and extend earlier research on the causal nature of the short-term relationship between union commitment and participation. The implications of the findings for researchers and labor unions are discussed.     

基于虚拟情境锚定法的基层政府信任现状调查与影响因素分析

由于政府信任概念的复杂性及其评价的敏感性,传统一般化的政府信任的测量难以避免评价尺度偏差或社会期望偏差。研究对647名浙江省居民进行网络问卷调查并分析,运用虚拟情境锚定法校正偏差,从而探究民众对基层政府信任现状以及影响因素。结果表明：（1）使用“虚拟情境锚定法”后,“信任”和“完全信任”的总比例为33.54%,较校正前降低了36.01%,即验证了评价尺度偏差与社会期望偏差的存在。（2）校正后的民众基层政府信任水平下降,但整体仍处于中等水平;（3）民众的基层政府信任水平受到年龄、月收入水平、政治面貌、教育程度不同程度的影响。     

Trade Unions and Workers’ Life Satisfaction in South Korea

This study analyses the effects of trade unions’ presence in workplaces and union membership on workers’ overall life satisfaction. We estimate a correlated random effects panel ordered probit model using the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study. While the presence of unions increases the probability of reporting a higher level of overall life satisfaction, union membership has no effect. These effects exist only for healthy men who are employed on a permanent contract. Finally, we show that unions’ effects on life satisfaction have four mediating channels—job satisfaction, social security, real wage and fringe benefits.

     

Future Professionals and Managers: Their Attitudes Toward Unions, Organizational Beliefs, and Work Ethic

The authors replicate and extend the research on future workers' union attitudes, organizational beliefs, and work ethic. Selected demographic and attitudinal data were collected from a sample of 644 students at a small, western Pennsylvania university. Compared to earlier research on pre-employment predictors of union attitudes, this study is based on a much larger sample size and includes a cross-section of majors. The results offer additional support for the family socialization process; in general, future professionals and business managers are more sympathetic to labor unions if they were children of union members. In addition, the results show that student major has a significant and systematic impact on both positive and negative union attitudes.     

THE PROCESS OF RETIREMENT: A REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE INVESTIGATION

Since the average ages of many industrialized nations' workers are increasing, it is important to know (1) the causes of employees' decisions to retire early and (2) the effects of retirement on the lives of retirees and on their employing organizations. The fields of gerontology and of social, clinical, and developmental psychology have investigated retirement, usually focusing on individual well-being as a criterion. Industrial/organizational psychology generally has not delved into the topic. A review of the empirical literature and theories regarding the two retirement issues leads to conclusions that are very tentative due to the nature of the research methods used until now. I/O psychologists have the opportunity to contribute to knowledge about retirement because of their dual interests in both individuals and organizations and because of their tradition of scientific rigor. Propositions are provided for future research.     

员工强制性组织公民行为的多层次形成机制

组织公民行为一直被视为员工“心甘情愿”而为之, 然而随着被加班、被捐款等“被”现象的不断出现, 越来越多的研究证实强制性组织公民行为(即被迫无奈的组织公民行为)在组织中同样普遍存在, 而且会导致劳资关系紧张, 威胁企业内部和谐等, 但相关研究较为匮乏。本研究以员工的强制性组织公民行为为研究对象, 聚焦于对其形成机制的研究。具体地, 使用特质激活、强制说服和自我决定等理论, 分别从指向员工个体、领导和组织三个层次的影响因素揭示员工强制性组织公民行为的形成机制, 建立员工强制性组织公民行为多层次形成机制的概念模型。研究结果实践上有利于本土企业构建和谐的劳资关系并实施更加人性化的管理, 理论上有望为组织公民行为领域贡献新的知识, 在一定程度上推动组织公民行为理论在中国的研究与应用。     

Remembering Arthur Kornhauser: industrial psychology's advocate for worker well-being

Arthur Kornhauser was an early industrial psychologist whose contributions have been neglected in written histories of applied psychology. Throughout his career, he was a staunch advocate for an industrial psychology that concentrated on improving workers' lives. This article describes his contributions to improving worker well-being in the research areas of testing, employee attitude surveying, labor unions, and mental health of workers. His most enduring quality was his outspoken advocacy for an industrial psychology that addressed workers' issues instead of management's prerogatives. On the basis of Kornhauser's accomplishments, a case can be made for him as one of industrial and organizational psychology's most important early figures.     

EMPLOYEES' CHALLENGING JOB EXPERIENCES AND SUPERVISORS' EVALUATIONS OF PROMOTABILITY

Promotability evaluations are important for individuals' career development and organizations' human resource management practices. Nevertheless, little empirical research has addressed predictors of promotability evaluations, and the studies that have, have often focused on current job performance and fixed, nonbehavioral predictors. This study takes a more behavioral approach, and investigates whether besides how one performs (i.e., job performance) what one performs also serves as an indicator of promotability. Specifically, we examine the relationship between employees' challenging job experiences and supervisors' evaluations of employees' promotability over and above employees' current job performance. Results from 3 field studies, sampling different types of employees via different measures, consistently showed that challenging job experiences explained incremental variance in supervisory and organizational evaluations of promotability over and above current job performance and job tenure.     

破解“通勤悖论”:通勤时间如何影响幸福感

本文从社会过渡带和心理过渡带两个方面对"通勤悖论"进行解析,构建了通勤时间影响幸福感的理论模型。通过对广州市白领的追踪调查和多项式回归分析,结果发现:(1)婚姻状态(社会过渡带)具有调节作用,未婚员工通勤时间负向影响生活满意度,已婚员工通勤时间对生活满意度和快乐度有曲线影响;(2)恢复体验(心理过渡带)具有交互效应,心理解脱调节了未婚员工通勤时间与通勤效用的关系,放松体验调节了未婚员工通勤时间与快乐度的关系;(3)已婚员工通勤时间与通勤效用和快乐度的关系受放松体验调节,与生活满意度的关系受心理解脱调节;(4)通勤时间对生活满意度和快乐度的影响,以及婚姻状态和恢复体验的交互效应,以通勤效用为中介;(5)员工在"通勤时间陷阱"(1.75~2.75小时)的效用均衡。结论有助于分析"通勤悖论"的深层原因,对城市管理、企业管理和个人都具有积极启示。