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瓦尔拉斯体系假设纯粹自利偏好的个体依靠完备契约和第三方无成本实施来维持社会运转,这在一定程度上并不符合社会运转的真实情况。更加符合现实的思路是个体偏好中并不仅仅包含自利偏好,而且包含亲社会性的他涉偏好,只有在个体具有愿意付出成本实施某种亲社会行为的偏好时,社会才可能得以存在。本文主要分析经济学领域近年来兴起的亲社会偏好模型及其对瓦尔拉斯体系的拓展,并讨论了这种趋势的经济学含义。 相似文献
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近年来, “助推”被越来越多地用于气候变化与生态环境治理实践, 成为促进人们环保行为的有效策略。但目前国内基于助推思想的环保行为干预研究和实践探索都还很缺乏。环保行为需要助推的根本原因在于人们在环保领域的决策存在认知局限和动机不足。相应的, 在认知和动机两大视角下主要有7种环保行为助推策略。认知视角的助推策略包括默认选项、框架效应和示范性规范, 动机视角的助推策略旨在激发家国动机、遗产动机、获益动机和自主动机以促进人们的环保行为。助推环保行为在实践中也存在争议, 实践工作者需明确助推环保行为的外部环境与传统社会治理思路的关系, 并掌握选择架构设计的技术要点。 相似文献
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自曼德维尔提出“私人的恶德,公共的利益”的悖论后,美德因妨碍经济发展而被驱除。亚当·斯密尝试给自利自爱正名,但仍未给仁爱的经济意义正名。陈焕章认为缺乏道德根基的放任主义只给强者带来利益,必致社会分裂和崩溃。为了阻止经济的去道德化,陈焕章认为社会经济秩序应该建立在道德和经济双重动机之上,并建构了以美德为中心的儒家经济学。向善的人性预设、美德主导分配、政府调节、适度竞争是其经济学的主要特征,这一新形态的经济学可以称作美德经济学。陈焕章美德经济学虽显粗略,但在理论上重启了经济的道德化进程,并与数十年后兴盛的经济伦理学和社群主义遥相呼应,可以说潜在地具有引发一场“哥白尼革命”的意义。 相似文献
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研究以Ellsberg选瓶任务为决策材料,探讨了不同任务特征下个体不确定性容忍度对模糊决策中决策偏好的影响。结果发现,获益情景下:高概率时高、低容忍度个体对模糊选项的选择无显著差异,均偏好模糊规避;中概率时低容忍度个体比高容忍度个体表现出更低程度的模糊规避,前者倾向于模糊中立,后者倾向于模糊规避;低概率时两者对模糊选项的选择无显著差异,均倾向于模糊中立。损失情景下:高概率时两者对模糊选项的选择无显著差异,均倾向于模糊寻求;中概率时低容忍度比高容忍度个体更偏好模糊寻求,前者倾向于模糊寻求,后者倾向于模糊中立;低概率时两者对模糊选项的选择无显著差异,均倾向于模糊规避。这表明,不确定性容忍度对模糊决策偏好产生作用,但这种作用会受到损益概率和损益结果的影响,具有情景依赖性。 相似文献
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基于社会学习理论,研究考察了领导主动变革行为影响团队绩效的内在机制和边界条件。通过对110个团队领导和380名团队成员两阶段配对问卷调查,研究发现:(1)领导主动变革行为依次通过团队主动变革价值信念和团队主动变革行为对团队绩效产生正向影响;(2)环境不确定性正向调节领导主动变革行为与团队主动变革价值信念之间的关系,进而增强了领导主动变革行为通过团队主动变革价值信念和团队主动变革行为对团队绩效产生的正向影响。研究结果有助于推进团队层面的主动变革行为研究,同时对组织变革创新的管理实践具有重要意义。 相似文献
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非制度化行为及其效用既决定于行为者的主观努力,也决定于制度的有效性和约束力,还受到社会习俗和传统习惯等因素的影响。如果从经济学的视角分析,非制度化行为的变量参数、博弈形式、策略选择、成本核算、心理预期等是行为主体优先考虑的因素。非制度化行为的策略选择与利益驱动有关,其运行方向决定于不同个体或团体的力量对比和博弈能力,它的成本和收益是一定条件下的帕累托优化或纳什均衡。非制度化行为的策略选择还与行为主体的"情景信任"、"品质信任"等因素有关,其边际成本和边际效用是推动行为主体跨越制度边界的重要因素,其中不仅有"风险厌恶"基础上的"效用最大化"追求,也有"风险偏好"引起的行为偏激。非制度化行为中,行为主体对基本变量的把握、对行为策略的选择、对行为效益的权衡以及对行为风险的判断是联系在一起的。 相似文献
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本文依据效率与伦理两个基本标准探讨了福利经济学对于经济运行体系的伦理选择问题。首先分别讨论了福利经济学参照两个基本标准对于经济运行体系进行伦理选择的具体情况。其次分析了福利经济学在参照第二个基本标准对于经济运行体系进行伦理选择时所遇到的理论困难及其原因,即仅仅依据功利主义伦理基础的狭窄理论框架与包含道义主义伦理学在内的广阔的价值世界之间的矛盾。最后指出:通过引入道义主义伦理学作为福利经济学的伦理基础之一,特别是通过引入伦理妥协的方法解决经济学的功利主义基础与道义主义基础之间的矛盾,便可以扩展福利经济学的理论框架,消除福利经济学在参照第二个基本标准对于经济运行体系进行伦理选择时所遇到的理论困难,使福利经济学能够在新的意义上同时参照两个基本标准对于经济运行体系进行有效的伦理选择。 相似文献
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何丽 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2023,44(7):32-36
明确的惩罚机制、清晰的风险受益比、积极的信任倾向是建立医患信任所必要的确定性依据。人工智能辅助决策因为技术本身不确定、技术认知不确定、技术制度不确定等,冲击着医患信任的确定性基础,加剧医患信任危机。为降低辅助决策的不确定性,在新的技术条件下增进医患之间互相信任,应针对技术本身的不确定,增强辅助决策的可解释性;针对技术认知的不确定,推动辅助决策的民主化设计;针对技术制度的不确定,渐次推进伦理结构化。
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David DeSteno 《Current directions in psychological science》2009,18(5):280-284
ABSTRACT— Individuals regularly confront situations in which acceptance of short-term costs may lead to long-term gains. Given that individuals frequently discount the utility of future benefits with respect to more immediate ones, successfully solving such intertemporal choice dilemmas has been theorized to involve self-regulation aimed at controlling emotional responses that are sensitive to immediate rewards. In this article, I argue for a more multifaceted view of the role played by emotions in intertemporal choice. In support of this view, I review emerging evidence demonstrating the ability of specific, socially oriented emotions to facilitate behaviors designed to build social and economic capital in the long run. 相似文献
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Choice Blindness and Preference Change: You Will Like This Paper Better If You (Believe You) Chose to Read It!
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Choice blindness is the finding that participants both often fail to notice mismatches between their decisions and the outcome of their choice and, in addition, endorse the opposite of their chosen alternative. But do these preference reversals also carry over to future choices and ratings? To investigate this question, we gave participants the task of choosing which of a pair of faces they found most attractive. Unknown to them, we sometimes used a card trick to exchange one face for the other. Both decision theory and common sense strongly suggest that most people would easily notice such a radical change in the outcome of a choice. But that was not the case: no more than a third of the exchanges were detected by the participants. We also included a second round of choices using the same face pairs, and two stages of post‐choice attractiveness ratings of the faces. This way we were able to measure preference strength both as choice consistency and by looking at measures of rating differences between chosen and rejected options. We found that the initially rejected faces were chosen more frequently in the second choice, and the perceived attractiveness of these faces was increased even in uncoupled individual ratings at the end of the experiment. This result is discussed in relation to Chen and Risen's recent criticism of the Free Choice Paradigm, as it shows that choices can affect future preferences. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Four studies demonstrated robust within‐ and between‐subject differences in willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) and willingness‐to‐accept (WTA) measures of the value of lottery tickets. Buyers and sellers attended to different numerical cues and interpreted the same numbers differently when setting these two kinds of monetary values. Affective influences appeared to guide the valuation process. Buyers with stronger positive feelings about owning a ticket were willing to pay more for a ticket; sellers with stronger negative feelings about no longer having a ticket required a greater minimum payment in exchange for their ticket. In addition, the WTA/WTP disparity tended to be greater for more affectively‐laden lottery tickets. The results suggest that WTA and WTP prices are constructed using salient numerical cues and affective feelings. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Hal R. Arkes Claudia González‐Vallejo Aaron J. Bonham Yi‐Han Kung Nathan Bailey 《决策行为杂志》2010,23(3):250-270
Three studies explored both the advantages of and subjects' preferences for a disaggregated judgment procedure and a holistic one. The task in our first two studies consisted of evaluating colleges; the third study asked participants to evaluate job applicants. Holistic ratings consisted of providing an overall evaluation while considering all of the characteristics of the evaluation objects; disaggregated ratings consisted of evaluating each cue independently. Participants also made paired comparisons of the evaluation objects. We constructed preference orders for the disaggregated method by aggregating these ratings (unweighted or weighted characteristics). To compare the holistic, disaggregated, and weighted‐disaggregated method we regressed the four cues on the participant's holistic rating, on the linearly aggregated disaggregated ratings, and on the average weighted disaggregated rating, using the participant's “importance points” for each cue as weights. Both types of combined disaggregated ratings related more closely to the cues in terms of proportion of variance accounted for in Experiments 1 and 2. In addition, the disaggregated ratings were more closely related to the paired‐comparison orderings, but Experiment 2 showed that this was true for a small set (10) but not a large set (60) of evaluation objects. Experiment 3 tested the “gamesmanship” hypothesis: People prefer holistic ratings because it is easier to incorporate illegitimate but appealing criteria into one's judgment. The results suggested that the disaggregated procedure generally produced sharper distinctions between the most relevant and least relevant cues. Participants in all three of these studies preferred the holistic ratings despite their statistical inferiority. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Alan G. Sanfey 《Current directions in psychological science》2007,16(3):151-155
ABSTRACT— Investigations of decision making have historically been undertaken by different disciplines, each using different techniques and assumptions, and few unifying efforts have been made. Economists have focused on precise mathematical models of normative decision making, psychologists have examined how decisions are actually made based on cognitive constraints, and neuroscientists have concentrated on the detailed operation of neural systems in simple choices. In recent years, however, researchers in these separate fields have joined forces in an attempt to better specify the foundations of decision making. This interdisciplinary effort has begun to use decision theory to guide the search for the neural bases of reward value and predictability. Concurrently, these formal models are beginning to incorporate processes such as social reward and emotion. The combination of these diverse theoretical approaches and methodologies is already yielding significant progress in the construction of more comprehensive decision-making models. 相似文献
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Shawn P. Gilroy Brent A. Kaplan Lindsay P. Schwartz Derek D. Reed Steven R. Hursh 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2021,115(3):729-746
Contemporary approaches for evaluating the demand for reinforcers use either the Exponential or the Exponentiated model of operant demand, both derived from the framework of Hursh and Silberberg (2008). This report summarizes the strengths and complications of this framework and proposes a novel implementation. This novel implementation incorporates earlier strengths and resolves existing shortcomings that are due to the use of a logarithmic scale for consumption. The Inverse Hyperbolic Sine (IHS) transformation is reviewed and evaluated as a replacement for the logarithmic scale in models of operant demand. Modeling consumption in the “log10-like” IHS scale reflects relative changes in consumption (as with a log scale) and accommodates a true zero bound (i.e., zero consumption values). The presence of a zero bound obviates the need for a separate span parameter (i.e., k) and the span of the model may be more simply defined by maximum demand at zero price (i.e., Q0). Further, this reformulated model serves to decouple the exponential rate constant (i.e., α) from variations in span, thus normalizing the rate constant to the span of consumption in IHS units and permitting comparisons when spans vary. This model, called the Zero-bounded Exponential (ZBE), is evaluated using simulated and real-world data. The direct reinstatement ZBE model showed strong correspondence with empirical indicators of demand and with a normalization of α (ZBEn) across empirical data that varied in reinforcing efficacy (dose, time to onset of peak effects). Future directions in demand curve analysis are discussed with recommendations for additional replication and exploration of scales beyond the logarithm when accommodating zero consumption data. 相似文献
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Iser G. Deleon Brian A. Iwata Han-Leong GOH April S. Worsdell 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1997,30(3):439-449
Tustin (1994) recently observed that an individual's preference for one of two concurrently available reinforcers under low schedule requirements (concurrent fixed-ratio [FR] 1) switched to the other reinforcer when the schedule requirements were high (concurrent FR 10). We extended this line of research by examining preference for similar and dissimilar reinforcers (i.e., those affecting the same sensory modality and those affecting different sensory modalities). Two individuals with developmental disabilities were exposed to an arrangement in which pressing two different panels produced two different reinforcers according to progressively increasing, concurrent-ratio schedules. When two dissimilar stimuli were concurrently available (food and a leisure item), no clear preference for one item over the other was observed, regardless of the FR schedules in effect (FR 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20). By contrast, when two similar stimuli were concurrently available (two food items), a clear preference for one item emerged as the schedule requirements were increased from FR 1 to FR 5 or FR 10. These results are discussed in terms of implications for conducting preference assessments and for selecting reinforcers to be used under training conditions in which response requirements are relatively high or effortful. 相似文献
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