道德自我形象对亲社会行为的影响:调节定向的调节作用

道德自我形象对亲社会行为的影响,存在道德一致性效应与道德平衡效应两种矛盾现象。本研究通过一个问卷研究与两个实验来验证调节定向的调节作用。结果发现:(1)促进定向的被试中,高道德自我形象的人有着更高的亲社会意愿;而预防定向的被试中,高道德自我形象的人亲社会意愿反而更低;(2)促进定向启动下,高道德自我形象组在无偿亲社会任务上耗时更多,而预防定向启动下,高道德自我形象组耗时更少。结论:调节定向调节了道德自我形象对亲社会行为的作用。     

自我概念与商品形象的一致性和仿制商品消费及使用的关系:作用与反作用

通过一个相关研究和一个实验研究探索自我概念与仿制商品形象的一致性与消费者对仿制商品消费意愿的关系,以及反过来个体在使用仿制商品后对其行为的影响。研究一中,呈现给被试三组同一品牌的正品和仿制商品,让被试评价,相对于正品,其自我概念与仿制商品形象一致的程度以及对仿制商品的购买意愿,结果发现被试评价其自我概念与仿制商品形象一致性程度越高,其对仿制商品的购买意愿越高;研究二中,被试被要求使用正品或仿品钢笔完成矩阵谜题任务,并根据成绩自行兑换奖励,结果发现,相比使用正品钢笔,被试使用仿制商品后更倾向于谎报成绩,表现出与仿制商品相一致的虚假欺骗属性。以上研究结果说明,自我概念的影响贯穿于消费行为始终,自我概念和仿制商品形象的一致性会促进消费行为,而对仿制商品的消费也会反过来作用于自我,使消费者的行为倾向和仿制商品的负面特征趋于一致。     

关系规范对消费者抱怨意愿及潜在动机的影响模型

现有的关于向企业进行抱怨的研究均建立在“理性人”的假设之上, 而忽视了消费者同时作为“社会人”需要遵循一定的规范。本文引入关系规范的概念(共有关系规范, 交换关系规范), 通过实验的方法探究其对消费者的抱怨意愿及潜在动机的影响。实验一的结果显示在服务失误水平低的情况下, 共有关系规范下的被试相对于交换关系规范下的被试更乐意向企业抱怨, 而在服务失误水平高的情况下, 这种差异不显著。实验二进一步验证了这种关系, 并发现共有关系规范下的被试向企业抱怨, 是为了帮助其发现和改进服务中存在的问题, 以提高服务质量, 具有利他动机。     

自我控制可以抵御不良示范性规范对初中生环保行为的影响吗?

本研究检验不良示范性规范对初中生环保行为的影响是否受其自我控制的调节。研究1通过假设情境操纵示范性规范,测量初中生的自我控制能力和环保意愿;研究2在实验室情境下同时操纵示范性规范和初中生的自我控制状态,并测量其环保行为。结果表明,不良示范性规范显著降低初中生的环保意愿及环保行为;特质性和状态性自我控制水平越高,初中生的环保意愿就越高,其环保行为也越多;更重要的是,自我控制并不能有效抵御不良示范性规范对初中生环保意愿和环保行为的消极影响。     

积极情绪对任务转换的影响

通过两个行为实验考察了积极情绪图片所诱发的情绪状态对任务转换的影响及其机制。研究任务是数字分类任务,分为保持和转换两个阶段。首先要求被试对靶刺激形成一定的习惯化反应,然后改变任务要求。实验1以53名大学生为被试,分别在积极情绪、消极情绪和中性条件下完成任务,发现在与中性条件相比时,积极情绪促进任务转换,消极情绪延缓任务转换。实验2以37名大学生为被试,增加了一种转换条件,考察积极情绪促进任务转换的心理原因,结果表明积极情绪因偏好新异刺激而促进任务转换     

自我损耗促进冒险行为

基于自我控制资源模型,本研究探讨了自我损耗对冒险行为的影响以及生理能量补充在其中的缓解作用。实验1和实验2分别通过“Stroop”和“非利手写作”任务操纵被试的自我损耗,两个实验均用气球模拟风险决策任务考察被试的冒险行为,并且通过摄入含有或不含有葡萄糖的柠檬水来操纵生理能量水平。结果发现,在排除无关变量后,高损耗者比低损耗者尽可能多地对气球进行充气以寻求奖赏(实验1和实验2),但饮用含葡萄糖的柠檬水能够有效降低这种反应(实验2)。该研究证实了自我损耗促进冒险行为,补充生理能量能有效缓解该效应。     

“达”则兼济天下?社会比较对亲社会行为的影响及心理机制

本文通过两个研究探讨社会比较对亲社会行为的影响及其内在机制。研究一中,被试被随机要求与学习成绩排名第一或者最后的人相比,然后测量其助人倾向。结果发现,与向上比较组和控制组相比,向下社会比较会提高个体的助人倾向。研究二通过虚构的智力测验排名反馈操纵社会比较,然后测量被试的捐款意愿。结果发现,得知测验成绩比大多数人好的时候,人们更愿意捐款。两个实验共同表明,社会比较对亲社会行为的影响由个体对弱势群体的同理心所中介。     

信息表征形式对初中生解决MHD问题的影响

研究以经典MHD问题作为实验任务,通过两个实验分别探讨了心理模型表征与条件关系表征、以及文字表述辅以图形的表征对初中生解决MHD问题的影响.结果发现:(1)心理模型表征与明确选手行为与主持人行为之间的条件关系表征都没有有效促进被试解决MHD问题;(2)文字表述辅以图形的表征显著提高了被试MHD问题的推理成绩.这似乎说明对初中生而言,适当的信息表征形式有助于促进其解决MHD问题.     

健全人对肢体残疾人的自动化行为倾向及其可塑性

以残疾人图片和镶嵌残疾人图片的正性行为描述性信息为刺激材料,采用PPT任务和概念启动范式,通过两项实验探讨了健全人对肢体残疾人的自动化趋近/回避行为倾向及其可塑性。结果发现:(1)被试对残疾人表现出显著的自动化回避倾向(实验1);(2)阅读残疾人正性行为描述性材料可促进被试对残疾人的自动化趋近反应,而降低其对该类人群的自动化回避反应(实验2)。因此,广泛而持久地传播现实社会中那些身残志不残的残疾人的正性信息,有助于改善健全人对该类人群的自动化回避倾向。     

中学生合作行为的影响因素的实验研究

用囚犯两难游戏和懦夫游戏作实验材料,采用L16（215）正交实验设计,对64名初二、高二学生在不同实验情境中的合作行为反应策略进行了研究。结果表明,被试对交流的预期、交流的进行、被试对对手社会地位的评估、以及被试所面临的游戏矩阵和被试自身的年龄特点都影响被试对对手的表征,进而影响被试游戏行为的决策过程和合作行为的反应倾向。研究结果支持社会表征理论,为创设有利于合作的人际互动情境提供一定的理论依据。     

权力感对炫耀性亲社会行为的影响

基于高成本价值信号理论, 本文探究了权力感对炫耀性亲社会行为的影响。5个实验的结果表明：权力感促使个体更愿意从事炫耀性亲社会行为, 高(vs. 低)权力感个体更倾向购买炫耀性亲社会产品, 更愿意进行炫耀性捐赠且捐赠金额较高, 也更愿意参与炫耀性善行, 其机制在于高权力感者具有较高的自我矫饰动机。本文对理解权力感对个体行为的影响、丰富权力感与亲社会行为的研究文献有理论贡献, 对有效引导高权力感者从事亲社会行为具有实践价值。     

助推爱心：利用默认选项促进捐赠行为

本研究采用实验室和现场实验的方法检验了默认选项的助推策略是否能够促进慈善捐赠行为。结果发现：（1）相较于把被试费的“保留选项”设置为默认,把“捐献选项”设置为默认时,被试捐献的概率和金额更高;（2）在多个捐款选项情景中,默认选项的设置总体上提高了默认选项被选择的概率;将最大金额选项设置为默认选项有助于提高被试平均捐赠额。这些发现表明,应用默认选项的助推策略能够有效促进人们的捐赠行为。本研究结果对减少募捐成本、提高募捐效率有所启示。     

共情倾向与受害者可识别性对大学生捐款意愿的影响:共情反应的中介作用

以83名大学生为研究对象,探讨共情倾向和受害者可识别性对大学生捐款意愿的交互效应及内在机制。结果表明:(1)对低共情倾向的大学生,受害者可识别性对其捐款行为不存在显著影响,对高共情倾向的大学生,受害者可识别条件下的捐款意愿显著高于不可识别条件;(2)受害者可识别性通过增加高共情倾向大学生的同情反应,进而增强其捐款意愿。     

The self-protective altruist: terror management and the ambivalent nature of prosocial behavior

Three studies examined the hypothesis that mortality salience (MS) will increase prosocial behaviors when the prosocial cause promotes terror management processes. However, when the prosocial cause interferes with these processes, MS will reduce prosocial behavior. In Study 1, following a MS procedure, participants indicated their willingness to donate money to charity or to donate to an organ donation organization. In Study 2, a research assistant randomly distributed fliers with reminders of death or back pain, and another research assistant solicited participants' assistance from either a charitable fund booth or an organ donation booth. Study 3 examined the impact of MS on helping a wheelchair-bound confederate or a walking confederate. The results indicated that MS increased charitable donations and increased help to a walking confederate. However, MS significantly decreased organ donation card signings and decreased help to a wheelchair-bound confederate. The discussion examines the tension between personal fear and worldview validation.     

Social exclusion and donation behaviour: What conditions motivate the socially excluded to donate?

Previous research has indicated that social exclusion can result in people becoming more focused on themselves than on others, and this may reduce their likelihood of engaging in prosocial behaviour. However, the question of how to promote prosocial behaviour in people who have experienced social exclusion remains. This study comprised two experiments that address this question in the context of donation advertising. Experiment 1 examined participants’ donation intentions after experiencing social exclusion in a ball‐passing game. Experiment 2 followed the same design as Experiment 1, except that real‐life donation behaviour was measured. Consistent with prior findings, our results indicated that those who experienced social exclusion displayed lower donation intentions (Experiment 1) and donated less (Experiment 2) than did those who did not experience social exclusion. However, when those who experienced social exclusion watched advertisements that only portrayed alienated people, they showed as much donation intent as those who did not experience social exclusion (Experiment 1) and ultimately donated more (Experiment 2). These findings indicate that social exclusion may increase an individual's tendency to help others who also are alienated.     

Intrinsic-Extrinsic Religiosity and University Students' Willingness to Donate Organs Posthumously

This research focuses on the links between intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientations as they relate to willingness to donate organs posthumously. Participants responded to a factual test of their knowledge about organ donation, indicated their degree of willingness to donate organs, and filled out personality inventories measuring their intrinsic and extrinsic orientations. The data indicated a high level of factual knowledge about organ donation. Also, contrary to Allport's (1966) arguments, people with an intrinsic religious orientation were not more likely to donate their organs, nor were people with an extrinsic religious orientation less likely to do so. Instead, it was found that intrinsic religiosity was unrelated to willingness to donate organs and that extrinsics with strong social orientations were more willing to donate their organs. Discussion centers on the need to develop more psy-chometrically sound measures of mature religiosity as a means of conducting a fairer test of Allport's original theorizing about intrinsic religiosity.     

Value Priorities and Organ Donation in Young Adults

This research identifies major personal values among American university students that predict organ-donation registration with the Department of Motor Vehicles. Participants responded to a factual test of their knowledge about organ donation, indicated whether or not they had registered as posthumous donors, and filled out a personality inventory measuring their personal values (Schwartz, 1992, 1994). The data indicated a high level of factual knowledge about organ donation; and the greater the level of knowledge, the more likely participants were registered to donate their organs. Also, participants higher in benevolence, universalism, achievement, and stimulation were more likely to have registered to donate their organs. The results are discussed in terms of the need to develop more effective health-communication campaigns by using specific health-education messages tailored to students majoring in different disciplines or to people in various occupations as a means of increasing their willingness to donate.     

Blood donation is an act of benevolence rather than altruism.

OBJECTIVES: Blood donation is described as an archetypal altruistic behavior, and recruitment/retention campaigns emphasize altruism. Here, a benevolence hypothesis for blood donation (both the donor and recipient benefit) rather than the altruism hypothesis (only the recipient gains) is proposed. DESIGN: Three United Kingdom-based studies contrasted benevolence and altruism: (a) a 6-month prospective study of blood donor behavior (Study 1: N = 957), (b) a cross-sectional study of blood donors' intentions (Study 2: N = 333), and (c) an experimental study examining the effect of benevolent and altruistic messages on willingness to help across high- and low-cost helping behaviors for committed and noncommitted blood donors (Study 3: N = 200). MAIN OUTCOME: Donor behavior and intentions-willingness. MEASURES: Beliefs in personal and societal benefit (Time 1) and actual donations (Time 2) were assessed in Study 1; beliefs in benevolence, altruism, hedonism, and kinship along with donation intentions were assessed in Study 2; and empathy, donor commitment, and willingness to donate blood, money, fund-raise, and staff a telephone helpline were assessed in Study 3. RESULTS: Beliefs in personal rather than societal benefit predicted actual future donation. A path model showed that only beliefs in benevolence were associated with intentions to donate. Committed blood donors were more willing to donate blood when exposed to a benevolent message rather than an altruistic one. This effect was not observed for other forms of helping. CONCLUSIONS: The benevolence hypothesis is supported, suggesting that blood donor motivation is partly selfish. Blood donation campaigns should focus on benevolent rather than purely altruistic messages.