A population study of low-rate smokers: quitting history and instability over time.

This study used 1 longitudinal and 2 cross-seconal population surveys to compare stability of low-rate daily smokers (less than 5 cigarettes per day) with other daily smokers and occasional smokers. Few low-rate smokers maintained consumption level; 36% retained smoking status after 20 months, compared with 82% and 44% for regular daily and occasional smokers, respectively. In a dynamic process, established smokers quit smoking and/or modified (decreased or increased) consumption. Low-rate and occasional smokers quit at higher rates than regular daily smokers (odds ratios 3:1) but were replenished by new members, many converted from regular daily smoker. The overall trend is an increasing proportion of low-consumption smokers while smoking prevalence declines. The dynamic process has implications for tobacco control efforts and for addiction theory.     

The St. James Infirmary: A history

St. James Infirmary (SJI), located in San Francisco, California is a peer-led occupational health and safety clinic for sex workers that opened on June 2, 1999. This reserch looks at the political and cultural events that led to the creation of this unique clinic. I will draw from the research I conducted, inclusive of one-on-one interviews with leaders of the organizations that came together to form St. James Infirmary, a review of archival material, and an exploration of the preexisting literature on sex workers rights movements and social rights movements to tell the story of SJI. The existence of the Infirmary results in an acknowledgement that sex work is a legitimate occupation. It also challenges cultural values and political institutions, and creates a community for sex workers.     

Commentary on Huntoon v. TCI Cablevision of Colorado

Neuropsychology Review -     

A quarter century of the history of psychiatry.

This article reviews the development of the historiography of Anglo-American psychiatry over the past quarter century, while passing attention to work on the history of psychiatry in Europe. The relationship between earlier and later work is stressed, and recent trends in the field assessed.     

唐以前圣人观念史研究

孔子在他之前对圣人聪明睿智之定义的基础上进而凸显其德性意义,诸子则依据各自学派的立场解释圣人意涵并重订圣人谱系。孔孟荀三人皆主张既避免泥古不化,又反对一味求应世之变而非圣无法,逐步建立起了为后世所承认的完整圣人形象谱系。这种对"王官学"与"百家言"的绾合,在西汉则发展成为以孔子《春秋》为新王创制立法的公羊学。古文经学以经为史,孔子被视为"王官学"的传承守护者,史家谱系的意义压过圣人谱系,万代一时,皆取法周文礼制即可。南朝玄学对圣凡天渊之别尤为强调,北朝诸儒则有古文经学师古之意,依凭《周礼》为北周定一代政治规模,被后来的隋唐取法而开一代盛世。随着中唐道统说的出现,尽管"人皆可以为尧舜"之信念逐渐大盛,为圣的标准则逐渐脱离外王之道而内化为工夫印证。这种变化既可能促成通达至善道路上始终的戒慎恐惧,也可能造成空疏张狂而导致满街圣人之论。此外,唐代孔庙从祀制度的建立与完善,也为圣人观念变化提供了一个现实层面的理解角度。