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心理本质论将类别成员视为由共同的本质所决定,且这些本质对应着一些表面的不可改变的属性。其中,种族本质论就是心理本质论的一种。研究种族本质论的发展对于了解儿童的种族认知具有重要意义。种族本质论者认为,种族具有遗传不变性、有较强的归纳强度和标签具有客观性等特征。但是,基于不同特征的种族本质论的发展存在差异。类属语言、社会文化背景和群体地位,均可能影响儿童种族本质论的发展。这些影响因素提示,可通过减少类属语言的描述和促进民族融合等方式改变儿童的种族本质论。比较儿童对种族本质论的建构与自然世界的建构之间的差异,方便我们探索类别学习跨领域的一致性问题。如何确保种族本质论的发展是适宜的,这需要未来开展一些干预性的研究。 相似文献
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社会本质主义是关于社会类别的直觉理论,是对社会类别差异的一种生物性归因。大量研究显示社会本质主义助长了种族、性别与阶层偏见,但也可以减少对肥胖、同性恋与罪犯的偏见。在种族、性别与阶层等被强加的社会类别中,稳定性线索强,社会本质主义导致人们认为该社会类别下的群体之间的差异难以改变,折扣环境解释,进而促进偏见;在肥胖、同性恋与罪犯等个体选择的社会类别中,可控性线索强,社会本质主义导致人们认为该社会类别下的一些群体成员的污名身份是不可控的,折扣个体选择的解释,进而减少偏见。未来研究应关注导致不同后果的社会本质主义信念产生和发展的过程,在此基础上开发出系统、持续、有效的干预措施,为消除偏见,减少群际冲突,推进和谐社会建设提供科学心理学方案。 相似文献
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本质论与社会建构论是心理治疗领域中两种对立倾向。本质论坚持了经验实证主义的传统,代表着心理治疗领域中的现代主义取向;这一取向把病理心理作为行为问题的本质,从个体的内部寻找产生病理心理的原因。社会建构论挑战经验实证主义科学观,认为病理心理并非一种“精神实在”,而是一种文化建构。它代表了心理治疗领域的后现代主义取向。作者认为,两种取向的对立短时间内难以消解,在目前的条件下,应开放和宽容,互补互惠。 相似文献
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本文是对我们从1955年到1995年(其间1966-1977年停)所做三岁前儿童言语发展追踪研究的总结,也包括一些横断研究和实验研究.文中对三岁前儿童言语发展的过程、阶段、特点、规律以及影响因素等方面作了分析;并在这些研究材料的基础上对语言发展的普遍性、儿童语言获得的理论和语言发展与认知(思维)发展关系等有关理论问题进行了探讨,提出了自己的观点. 相似文献
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自闭症儿童语言认知发展理论研究综述 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
目前,关于语言障碍和认知障碍是自闭症的核心症候,这一点在国际上已无异议,但究其发展障碍的本质如何,则各种见解仍处于分歧之中。本文主要是从认知心理学和发展语言心理学的角度,对自闭症儿童的语言认知障碍及其特征进行分析,旨在为中国儿童自闭症的研究和治疗提供一些参考观点。 相似文献
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言语发展是心理发展的重要组成部分,而汉语的结构体系与国外研究得较多的英、俄、法等语言的差异较大,故研究我国儿童言语发展的特点和规律,对探讨语言发展的理论和指导幼儿语言教学的实践以及全面了解我国儿童的心理发展情况均有极其重要的意义。然而,我国心理学界在这方面的工作做得还很少。为此,华东师范大学心理系、福建师范大学教育系、华南师范学院教育系、南充师范学院心理组、湖南师范学院教育系、浙江幼儿师范学校 相似文献
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Bias at school: Perceptions of racial/ethnic discrimination among Latino and European American children 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Latino and White/European American children (N = 99; 5–11 years of age) participated in a study designed to examine their perceptions of racial/ethnic discrimination in educational settings. Children heard scenarios involving two children of different races/ethnicities, one who received a more positive outcome from a teacher than the other. Children were then asked about the reasons for the differential outcomes. The role of (a) situational information (i.e., the race/ethnicity of the children and teacher in the story, and information about the teacher's past choices); (b) social-cognitive abilities (i.e., theory of mind); and (c) child characteristics (i.e., child's race/ethnicity and racial/ethnic attitudes) in facilitating children's attributions to discrimination was assessed. Results indicated that children most frequently attributed differential outcomes to the quality of work or the ability of students. Children were most likely to make an attribution to discrimination when the teacher rewarded a same-race/ethnicity child and had a history of similar behavior. Children's attention to situational information was moderated, however, by their social-cognitive abilities. Children's own race/ethnicity and ethnic attitudes also affected their perceptions of discrimination. 相似文献
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As the United States diversifies, we review research on both the benefits and challenges of diversity in developmental science. Taking a “contact in context” approach, we focus on how structural and interpersonal diversity influence ethnic/racial developmental processes and outcomes from early childhood to adolescence. We also consider how a child’s own ethnicity/race may shape diversity experiences. We offer this review with the ultimate goal of optimizing benefits and minimizing challenges. We offer a “contact in context” conceptual model that integrates diversity at multiple levels, child ethnicity/race, and developmental changes over time. We conclude with recommendations for future research. 相似文献
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Across four studies, we directly compared children's essentialist reasoning about the stability of race and language throughout an individual's lifespan. Monolingual English-speaking children were presented with a series of images of children who were either White or Black; each face was paired with a voice clip in either English or French. Participants were asked which of two adults each target child would grow up to be - one who was a 'match' to the target child in race but not language, and the other a 'match' in language but not race. Nine- to 10-year-old European American children chose the race-match, rather than the language-match. In contrast, 5-6-year-old European American children in both urban, racially diverse, and rural, racially homogeneous environments chose the language-match, even though this necessarily meant that the target child would transform racial categories. Although surprising in light of adult reasoning, these young children demonstrated an intuition about the relative stability of an individual's language compared to her racial group membership. Yet, 5-6-year-old African American children, similar to the older European American children, chose the race-match, suggesting that membership in a racial minority group may highlight children's reasoning about race as a stable category. Theoretical implications for our understanding of children's categorization of human kinds are discussed. 相似文献
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Parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices: a review of research and directions for future study
Hughes D Rodriguez J Smith EP Johnson DJ Stevenson HC Spicer P 《Developmental psychology》2006,42(5):747-770
Recently, there has been an emergence of literature on the mechanisms through which parents transmit information, values, and perspectives about ethnicity and race to their children, commonly referred to as racial or ethnic socialization. This literature has sought to document the nature of such socialization, its antecedents in parents' and children's characteristics and experiences, and its consequences for children's well-being and development. In this article, the authors integrate and synthesize what is known about racial and ethnic socialization on the basis of current empirical research, examining studies concerning its nature and frequency; its child, parent, and ecological predictors; and its consequences for children's development, including ethnic identity, self-esteem, coping with discrimination, academic achievement, and psychosocial well-being. The authors also discuss conceptual and methodological limitations of the literature and suggest directions for future research. 相似文献
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Multicultural education emerged from the political struggles of the 1960s and 1970s and advocated the inclusion of women and ethnic and racial groups in school curricula and children's media. Recently multiculturalism has evolved to include a critical perspective by focusing on stigmatized social identities such as race, class, sexuality, ethnicity, and disability. Little Bill, a children's animated television series, is an example of applied critical multiculturalism. In this chapter, we present a case study of one episode, "A Ramp for Monty," to illustrate the merits of this approach, which may increase the number of social identities children relate to and increase the degree of understanding they may bring to the differences inherent in social identities. 相似文献
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The equivalence of the Child Behavior Checklist/1 1/2-5 across parent race/ethnicity, income level, and language 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study examined the equivalence of the Child Behavior Checklist/1 1/2-5 (CBCL/1 1/2-5) in 682 parents of 2- to 4-year-old children stratified by parent race/ethnicity (African American, Latino, and non-Latino White), family income (low vs. middle-upper), and language version (Spanish vs. English). Externalizing Scale means differed by income and child gender. Internalizing Scale means differed by income and parent race/ethnicity. Differential item analyses showed that few items functioned differently by racial/ethnic, language, and income group. A confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the Externalizing Scale provided a good fit with the data across racial/ethnic and income groups. However, model fit was improved for the Internalizing Scale when factor weights were allowed to vary. Findings support the equivalence of the CBCL/1 1/2-5 when used with parents of low-income preschool children from African American and Latino backgrounds, although further study of the factor structure for the Internalizing Scale is recommended. 相似文献
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Across several decades the effects of matching clients with therapists of the same race/ethnicity have been explored using a variety of approaches. We conducted a meta-analysis of 3 variables frequently used in research on racial/ethnic matching: individuals' preferences for a therapist of their own race/ethnicity, clients' perceptions of therapists across racial/ethnic match, and therapeutic outcomes across racial/ethnic match. Across 52 studies of preferences, the average effect size (Cohen's d) was 0.63, indicating a moderately strong preference for a therapist of one's own race/ethnicity. Across 81 studies of individuals' perceptions of therapists, the average effect size was 0.32, indicating a tendency to perceive therapists of one's own race/ethnicity somewhat more positively than other therapists. Across 53 studies of client outcomes in mental health treatment, the average effect size was 0.09, indicating almost no benefit to treatment outcomes from racial/ethnic matching of clients with therapists. These 3 averaged effect sizes were characterized by substantial heterogeneity: The effects of racial/ethnic matching are highly variable. Studies involving African American participants demonstrated the highest effect sizes across all 3 types of evaluations: preferences, perceptions, and outcomes. 相似文献
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Ruth Chu‐Lien Chao 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2013,91(2):140-151
This study tested a model that links race/ethnicity, multicultural training, racial/ethnic identity (REI), color‐blind racial attitudes (CoBRA), and multicultural counseling competence (MCC) among school counselors. The author examined whether multicultural training significantly moderated the association between race/ethnicity and MCC. School counselors’ REI was found to mediate this moderated association. A 3‐way interaction among race/ethnicity, training, and CoBRA revealed that White and racial/ethnic minority school counselors had the lowest MCC scores when they had limited training and higher CoBRA. 相似文献