四种社交类型大班幼儿内外控制点的研究

本研究采用了“同伴提名法”和访谈问卷法,对北京市区三所幼儿园的6个大班幼儿进行了社交类型与内外控制点的研究。结果表明,大班幼儿的内外控是稳定的,支持了麦克尔（Mischel,M.）的实验结果。受欢迎型幼儿在内控点上人数占优,被拒绝型幼儿在外控点上人数居多。在日常生活选择中无论成就感还是失败感幼儿的外控得分要显着高于内控得分,但在失败感上内控得分显着高于在成就感上的内控得分。幼儿对教师的教育活动评价具有公正性,把成就和失败都归因于教师的居多。在他人具体评价时幼儿更易于倾向内控。     

深圳与北京中学生价值观特点比较研究

采用中国人价值取向问卷对507名深圳和北京的中学生进行测查。结果表明:深圳归侨生与非归侨生在“法律规范取向”上差异显著。深圳男女中学生在“金钱权力取向”、“爱情取向”和“家庭取向”上两者存在显著差异。在“正义公理取向”维度上,深圳中学生和北京中学生差异显著,在“从众取向”、“家庭取向”和“公共利益取向”上,两者差异非常显著。     

伦理道德在社会管理中的价值

社会管理方式的历史变迁是伦理道德价值日益凸显的过程 ,社会管理在总体上必然要体现某种伦理价值取向 ,伦理道德以其特有的方式规范着社会管理双方的行为 ,深刻地影响着社会管理的进行 ,我们应该努力实现伦理道德在社会管理中的价值。     

论保密义务与诚信原则

尊重患者隐私,保守执业秘密,是医师的道德义务,也是法律义务,保密义务的理论基础在于诚实信用原则.为此,医疗活动中应引入体现伦理道德要求的诚信理念,从道德和法律两方面规范医师的行为,并且建立以法律规范为主的规制模式.     

价值取向对自我他人决策时公平规范执行的影响

社会价值取向反映了人们对自己和他人分配结果的一种稳定偏好,影响着个体对提议公平性的认知及规范执行。同时,自我-他人决策差异也是影响规范执行的重要因素,但目前尚不清楚价值取向和社会距离如何影响公平规范执行。本研究选取了20名合作者和20名个人主义者,使用单次匿名最后通牒博弈任务,考察了资产分配情景中价值取向对自我-他人决策时公平规范执行的影响。结果表明：（1）相比自我决策条件,合作者在替他人决策时更多的接受不公平提议,而公平提议的接受率不受社会距离的调节;个人主义者的提议接受率则不受社会距离和提议类型的交互影响;（2）合作者替他人决策时的接受阈限显著高于自我决策,而个人主义者在自我决策和替他人决策时的接受阈限无显著差异。这些结果表明价值取向能够调节自我-他人决策时,人们对不公平提议的规范执行。     

聋人大学生心理控制源对求职行为的影响：职业成熟度的中介作用

采用中国大学生控制源测量问卷、职业成熟度量表和高校应届毕业生求职调查问卷对重庆、北京、吉林、天津4地4所高校的386名聋人大学生进行调查,旨在探讨聋人大学生心理控制源、职业成熟度与求职行为的关系,揭示职业成熟度在心理控制源与求职行为之间的中介作用机制。结果发现：（1）内控对职业成熟度和求职行为均具有显著的正向预测作用。（2）职业成熟度在内控与求职行为之间起部分中介作用。（3）职业成熟度在外控对求职行为的影响中起着“遮掩效应”。     

聋人大学生心理控制源对求职行为的影响：职业成熟度的中介作用

采用中国大学生控制源测量问卷、职业成熟度量表和高校应届毕业生求职调查问卷对重庆、北京、吉林、天津4地4所高校的386名聋人大学生进行调查,旨在探讨聋人大学生心理控制源、职业成熟度与求职行为的关系,揭示职业成熟度在心理控制源与求职行为之间的中介作用机制。结果发现：（1）内控对职业成熟度和求职行为均具有显著的正向预测作用。（2）职业成熟度在内控与求职行为之间起部分中介作用。（3）职业成熟度在外控对求职行为的影响中起着“遮掩效应”。     

论美德的特征及其意义

人们似乎认为,在以公域为主的时代,对人们的道德要求就是遵守普遍的社会法律规范和社会管理规范,个人的美德就是与这些普遍规范相适应的欲望、情感、气质、性格,它只具有一种工具性的价值。实际上,美德是人的一种内在价值,本身就是善。美德是心灵品质的优秀状态,是理智、情感、欲望相互渗透、融合、化通的状态。塑造美德是对人生意义的创造;美德中内涵着对行为对错的判断力,有着社会正义原则的普遍维度。     

5·12地震前后灾区大学生生命价值观比较

采用自编大学生生命价值观问卷（LVS）分别三次对灾区大学生进行测试：5·12地震前1年、震后2周、震后5个月。结果表明:（1）自编的大学生生命价值观问卷（LVS）包括存在价值、目标价值、规则价值三个维度,探索性与验证性因素分析证明问卷具有良好的信效度。（2）在LVS总分和其存在价值维度上,震后2周得分均高于震前1年和震后5个月。（3）在存在价值取向维度上,女生震后2周和震后5个月得分显著高于男生;理科生震后2周得分高于震后5个月和震前1年,理科生震后2周得分显著高于文科生。（4）在规则价值取向维度上,文科生震后2周得分显著低于震后5个月,文科生震后2周得分显著低于理科生     

道德与法律之和谐解——道德与法律关系的三维解读

在历史维度上,中西方在道德与法律关系上经历了不同模式,中国表现出德法合于礼、以德为主、强德弱法,而西方则体现为德法分设、以法为主、强法弱德。在逻辑维度上,道德与法律同时存在,但作用于人的行为方式却有明显界分,两者之间是对立统一的辩证关系,道德构成了法律正当性的基础,法律是实现道德之治的必由之途。在规范维度上,道德和法律交替至上,在立法阶段道德为上,法律服从于道德。在执法和司法阶段法律为上,法律成为首要的判断标准,道德仅是法律的辅助。在立法、执法及司法之后阶段,道德取得最终的评价地位。道德与法律是可以互相协调的,通过制度建设使二者达到平衡与和谐,在道德涵养法律的同时,以法律促进道德的普适。     

基于社会文化规范下的自我调控过程的中日比较

该研究通过个体对社会规范的积极性认同态度与行动意向的关联程度,建立自我调控过程中社会文化性差异的假设模型。对日本大学生（305人）、中国大学生（384人）、中国大学生父（或母,329人）进行社会规范认同态度及行动意向问卷调查,利用AMOS软件进行了多组比较的结构方程模型的协方差结构分析,结果显示：1）在血缘关系性社会规范方面,日本大学生、中国大学生、中国大学生父母三群体积极性认同态度对行动意向影响无显著差异;2）在社会职责性社会规范方面,日本大学生、中国大学生、中国大学生父母三组间的积极性认同态度与行动意向关联差异显著。日本大学生对于社会职责性社会规范进行更有效的自我调控;3）除两国间文化差异以外,中国大学生与其父母间对于（最初预想以外的第三因素）自我付出性社会规范的自我调控过程也呈现显著差异。     

The punitiveness paradox: When is external pressure exculpatory - And when a signal just to spread blame?

This experiment explored the joint effects of the severity of the unintended consequences of norm violations and the strength of external pressure to violate norms on attributions of responsibility in two cultures. Americans and Singaporeans both responded to more severe consequences with escalating internal attributions and individual punishment, and both made more external attributions in response to growing peer pressure to violate norms. However, the two cultures had diverging reactions to mounting peer pressure as an excuse. Americans assigned less blame to individuals, whereas Singaporeans held firm on individual culpability while extending more blame to the peer group. The results clarify how blame-attenuating attributions in one society can be blame-expanding in another.     

The role of legal and moral norms to regulate the behavior of texting while driving

Despite a nationwide lawful effort to regulate texting-while-driving behavior, little change has been reported. This study assessed the effect of current legal enforcement on attitudinal and behavioral responses toward texting while driving in conjunction with potential influences of two types of perceived norms—legal and moral. An online survey was conducted with 313 college students recruited from three states where the history of a banning law of texting while driving varied (more than 3 years, less than 1 year, and none). The students self-reported perceived legal norm, perceived moral norm, perceived risk of texting while driving, frequency of texting while driving, attitude toward texting while driving, and intention of texting while driving. General linear model analyses revealed that the mere presence of legal enforcement showed a negative relationship with frequency of behavior only for the state with the banning law in effect more than 3 years. While the perceived legal norm showed inconsistent relationships with outcome variables, the perceived moral norm appeared most promising to discourage texting while driving among young drivers. A banning law for texting-while-driving behavior not only backfired on the actual behavior in a short-term effect, but also required a long-term exposure of the law to change the actual behavior among college students. On the other hand, cultivation of a moral norm to regulate the behavior of texting while driving is particularly encouraged in that the stable nature of this psychological variable can play a role to suppress possible reactance evoked by an external force. Policy makers are encouraged to harness their approach to regulate young drivers’ texting while driving with the strategy that appeals to the drivers’ moral beliefs rather than simply forcing them to comply with the law.     

中西方“诚信”文化的差异及其现代整合

中国传统伦理文化中的诚信是建立在封建社会自给自足的小农经济基础之上 ,属于一种由人格信任、亲缘 (熟人 )信任所构成的道德范畴 ,强调的是伦理性 ;而西方法律文化中的诚信是建立在市场经济的契约关系之上 ,它强调的是规范和监督 ,体现了平等、自由与正当权利的法治精神。当代中国社会相对传统社会而言在社会结构、伦理关系、价值观念等方面都发生了重大变化 ,市场经济发展中的诚信危机现象 ,既有传统伦理道德文化的失灵问题 ,又有法律诚信的缺失问题。这就要求我们在党的十六届三中全会精神的指导下 ,实现传统伦理诚信文化的现代转型。     

第三方惩罚与社会规范激活——社会责任感与情绪的作用

社会规范需要被激活才能显著影响个体行为,第三方惩罚（TP）正是这样一个激活的过程。本研究将TP引入独裁者博弈（DG）,社会规范被激活的被试参与了TP与DG,未激活的被试只参与了DG。结果表明,前者在TP之后显著提升了DG中的亲社会行为。进一步的分析发现,在社会规范激活过程中,社会责任感越高的个体被激活的程度越高,对违背社会规范的行为产生的愤怒情绪也越高,从而产生了更高水平的亲社会行为。在排除了实验中其他因素和相关理论的解释后,这一基本的实验结果表明社会规范激活受到社会责任感的影响并伴随着特定情绪的激发。     

Morality,convention and conventional morality

Among anthropologists and sociologists, it is widely believed that moral rules are best understood as a type of social norm. Moral philosophers, however, have largely been hostile to this suggestion. In recent years, the impulse to distinguish moral rules from others types of social norm has received what many take to be empirical support from the work of Elliot Turiel and his collaborators, who have argued that there are two distinct “domains” of social cognition, the “moral” and the “conventional.” Many philosophers have taken this as proof that moral rules are fundamentally different from “conventional” social norms. I argue that moral philosophers should not be relying upon Turiel’s view to defend the moral/conventional distinction. First, I show that Turiel is claiming much less than many have taken him to be claiming, because he puts a lot of what philosophers have traditionally thought of as “morality” on the side of convention, or else in the broad region between the two that he refers to as “multidimensional contexts.” Second, I argue that his concept of the “conventional” is so narrow that the overwhelming majority of social norms – such as the standard rules of etiquette – wind up falling into the “multidimensional” category. This stems from his failure to distinguish between genuine conventions and what I refer to as “norms with conventional elements.”     

中国佛教伦理的社会意义

中国佛教伦理的社会意义值得探究 ,我们拟从三个方面来分析。首先以孝道为例来论述中国佛教是怎样与中国重家庭、重孝道的礼法制度相协调 ,使中国人认同佛教也是讲孝的 ;其次是着重通过对佛教道德规范内涵的分析 ,揭示其所包含的丰富的社会意义 ;再次是阐述中国佛教伦理对现代人类社会的三大矛盾 ,即人与自我、人与他人、人与自然的矛盾的缓解、转化作用 ,从而肯定其内在具有的现代社会意义。     

社会规范的动态过程

社会心理学的经典研究将社会规范区分为描述性规范与指令性规范。近年来, 研究者从以往对社会规范的静态区分, 开始深入研究社会规范“如何发展变化”的动态过程, 即探究社会规范的习得、传播与转变过程, 以及社会规范发挥作用的影响因素。社会规范的习得可以追溯至童年早期的社会互动, 描述性规范的形成是个体在社会网络中学习社会范畴典型范例的过程, 对现状的合理化催生了描述性规范向指令性规范的转化。社会规范发挥作用也呈现动态性, 不仅与社会规范的心理功能相关, 即遵守或违反社会规范能满足个体的安全感、归属感、独特感需要等, 还与外部环境如权力位置、惩罚机制相关。未来研究可对社会规范形成过程、作用过程做进一步分析; 结合社会规范强度研究, 深入探讨规范性影响的作用过程; 开展文化情境下的社会规范研究等。     

Children's Beliefs About Violating Gender Norms: Boys Shouldn't Look Like Girls,and Girls Shouldn't Act Like Boys

This research examined 3- to 11-year-old children's knowledge of and beliefs about violating several gender norms (e.g., toys, play styles, occupations, parental roles, hairstyles, and clothing) as compared to social and moral norms. Knowledge of the norms and understanding that norm violations were possible increased with age. The children's evaluations of violations of gender norms varied from item to item. Violations concerning becoming a parent of the other gender were devalued in both boys and girls, whereas most toy and occupation violations were not especially devalued in either. Boys with feminine hairstyles or clothing were evaluated more negatively than girls with masculine hairstyles or clothing. On the other hand, girls who played in masculine play styles were devalued relative to boys who played in feminine styles. Evaluations of norm violations were not consistently related to age.     

Care and Justice Moral Orientation Among African American College Students

The current study assessed the moral orientation of African American college students. In addition, we examined whether or not they exhibit the gender difference in moral orientation hypothesized by Gilligan. One hundred sixty-six African American undergraduates at an historically Black university completed the Moral Orientation Scale, which measures care versus justice moral orientation. The students selected an average of 4.39 care-oriented responses (out of 12). In contrast to predictions that African American culture would lead to the development of a care focus, most participants had a justice focus. In fact, these students were significantly more justice oriented than male law students, who were the most justice oriented of the groups studied by N. Yacker and S. L. Weinberg (1990). There was no evidence of a gender difference in moral orientation. If future research replicates this finding, then Gilligan's theory may need to be modified with regard to African Americans.