遗传药理学发展史的哲学思考

遗传药理学是一门新兴学科,也是生命科学中发展迅速和备受关注的重要领域,在此领域我国处于世界先进水平.纵观遗传学中围绕发现基因的众多理论、药理学的产生发展和在此基础上的遗传药理学的发生和发展,让我们思考很多哲学问题,为我们科学地认识事物提供很多有益的启示.     

浅谈精神药理学的发展与相关哲学思考

如今精神疾病已成为中国严重的疾病负担,目前,精神障碍的治疗通常采用综合性措施,其中,药物治疗仍然占有重要地位。精神药理学是一门新兴学科,它的发展的确为许多精神、心理障碍的治疗带来了福音。精神药理学的发展史、当代进展与现状以及“个体化治疗”问题中都渗透着丰富的哲学思想,为我们科学地认识事物提供很多有益的启示。     

浅谈精神药理学的发展与相关哲学思考

如今精神疾病已成为中国严重的疾病负担,目前,精神障碍的治疗通常采用综合性措施,其中,药物治疗仍然占有重要地位.精神药理学是一门新兴学科,它的发展的确为许多精神、心理障碍的治疗带来了福音.精神药理学的发展史、当代进展与现状以及"个体化治疗"问题中都渗透着丰富的哲学思想,为我们科学地认识事物提供很多有益的启示.     

根据认识规律理解药理学的发展简史

药理学是一门古老而年轻的学科,与人类历史一道发展,产生的历史事件浩如烟海.本文根据药理学的定义,从认识论的角度,以标志性历史事件将药理学的发展阶段划分为五个阶段.这五个阶段的划分有利于药理学工作者从总体上理解药理学的发展简史,把握其发展规律.     

网络药理学背景下的中药药效机制及疗效评价研究

论述了网络药理学的发展背景及其内涵,分析了网络药理学对中药药效机制及疗效评价研究的影响,并对当前网络药理学在中药药效机制和疗效评价中的应用进行了回顾,认为随着网络药理学的思想与方法越来越多地融入到中药的研究中,中药的药效机制及疗效评价方法与技术将会发生质的变化.     

中药药理研究之我见

中药药理研究之我见陕西中医学院研究生（７１２０８３）丰广魁中药药理学是一门新兴学科，是借助现代科学技术对中药的研究，近年来在广大药理工作者和科研人员的不懈努力下，使中药药理研究进入了一个新领域，揭示了许多药物的“本质”，使我们对一些药物的作用机理有了...     

应重视抗菌中药复方的研究

1　抗菌中药复方研究冷落的原因分析1 1　实验室内研究结果的导向中草药抗菌在中药现代药理学研究中一度被肯定 ,但其在多数研究结论中均认为 :中药抗菌在体外有效浓度较高且抑制作用较差。作为抗菌药物应用时很难达到体外有效浓度 ,有的甚至无法达到。因此 ,中药抗菌作用虽然客观存在 ,但现实意义不大。由此在学术界对中药抗菌的研究便日趋减少。实际应用时源于实验室的直接证据 ,使得应用者底气不足 ,应用亦随之减少。中药抗菌作用被人们渐渐淡忘。1 2　西药化学治疗的影响在中药研究开展普遍的领域内几乎多数疾病是当前西医药尚缺乏十分…     

个体化用药--医药治疗的革命

遗传药理学和药物基因组学的发展,促进了药物反应种族差异的发现及其机制的阐明,使药物治疗模式开始由过去的诊断导向治疗向根据个体的遗传机构实行基因导向性治疗的新模式转换.     

中药药理学学科发展的思考与启示

1　中药药理学发展一瞥1.1　中药化学成份分析研究的进展 :中药化学成份是其发挥药效的物质基础 ,中药化学成份的研究从单味中药化学成份与复方中药化学成份两个思路进行。单味中药化学成份的研究借鉴化学药物研究的基础 ,对 2 0 0多种常用中药进行了研究 ,发现了 5 0 0多种活性单体 ,比如著名的抗疟药青蒿素即是从中药青蒿中分离得到的 ;复方中药由于其化学成份之间的关系极为复杂 ,故根据其所含的不同类药物 ,采用现代分离方法 ,将其分离成多个有效部位 ,比如挥发油、多糖、生物碱、黄酮等进行研究。目前较为先进的分析技术 ,例如薄层色谱…     

人格研究中的行为遗传学取向的发展

人格的行为遗传学研究,是以研究遗传和环境的差异来解释人格的个体差异的程度为目的,为探讨遗传和环境在个体发展中的作用提供了新的研究途径。该文以天性和教养为突破口,紧紧围绕行为遗传学在人格研究领域的发展脉络:遗传力、环境、特定基因的研究,进一步探讨在个体人格发展过程中遗传和环境的交互作用的关系。     

The Holocaust after 70 years: Holocaust survivors in the United States

Over 70 years, there have been different narratives of the Holocaust survivors coming to the United States. Survivors’ stories begin with an event of major historical significance. Difficulties in conceptualizing historical trauma, along with common distortions and myths about Holocaust survivors and their children are examined. This article proposes that it is impossible to discuss the consequences of extreme suffering without consideration of historical meaning and social context with which they are entwined. The evolution of the social representation of the Holocaust and the contradictions in clinical attributions to survivors and their children with consideration of the future is described. Attributions to survivors and their children with consideration of the future is described.     

The Pique Technique: Overcoming Mindlessness or Shifting Heuristics?

An unusual request can increase compliance in situations in which the typical response to the request is refusal. This procedure, called the pique technique, is said to be effective because the unusual request causes people to give mindful consideration to it. We tested this explanation in 2 studies. Passersby were asked for either a common amount of change or 37 cents. Participants who inquired about the unusual amount were given either a specific or an uninformative reason. The pique technique increased compliance, but only when participants stopped to ask about the request. These participants gave more money, regardless of the reason provided. The findings failed to support the notion that an unusual request leads to a mindful consideration of it.     

Judgments about judgments: the dissociation of consideration price and transaction commitment judgments

There are many contexts in which people make judgments about prior judgments. For example, Internet shopping bots (e.g., NexTag.com) allow consumers to search for products and, if the price is too high, list a price at which they would consider making the purchase (i.e., base judgment). If the price drops to this level, the vendor generates an e-mail inviting the consumer to execute the transaction at the reduced price (i.e., contingent judgment). The authors show that the consideration price depends on the content of retrieved information, whereas the willingness to execute the transaction at the consideration price depends on the ease-of-retrieving the information. The authors use different offer prices to encourage the consumer to retrieve information consistent with different product quality levels. The authors also select offer prices so that information retrieval is more difficult at moderate offer prices than at high or low offer prices. Accordingly, the authors show that the consideration price increases as the offer price increases, but the willingness to execute the transaction at the consideration price is greater when there are high and low, as opposed to moderate, offer prices.     

Groups as social network members: Overlooked sources of social support

In a study of the link between physical disability and social relationships among the elderly, questions about social network and social support evoked a surprisingly large number of group responses. People mentioned "my grandchildren," "the people in my building," "people at the senior center," and other groups in ways that suggested that the real unit of support was extraindividual and could not be accurately understood by reference to individual people within those groups. This paper describes the frequency of such responses and the circumstances under which they emerged. Definitions of social support and of social network should not be restricted to dyadic relationships between individuals; better understanding of social support processes would derive from consideration of the kinds of social support functions best offered by groups vs. individuals and consideration of differences in the ways in which support is derived from groups and individuals.     

On the notion of effectiveness

This paper focuses on two notions of effectiveness which are not treated in detail elsewhere. Unlike the standard computability notion, which is a property of functions themselves, both notions of effectiveness are properties of interpreted linguistic presentations of functions. It is shown that effectiveness is epistemically at least as basic as computability in the sense that decisions about computability normally involve judgments concerning effectiveness. There are many occurrences of the present notions in the writings of logicians; moreover, consideration of these notions can contribute to the clarification and, perhaps, solution of various philosophical problems, confusions and disputes.     

Choosing what to choose from: Preference for inclusion over exclusion when constructing consideration sets from large choice sets

Decision making is a two‐stage process, consisting of, first, consideration set construction and then final choice. Decision makers can form a consideration set from a choice set using one of two strategies: including the options they wish to further consider or excluding those they do not wish to further consider. The authors propose that decision makers have a relative preference for an inclusion (vs. exclusion) strategy when choosing from large choice sets and that this preference is driven primarily by a lay belief that inclusion requires less effort than exclusion, particularly in large choice sets. Study 1 demonstrates that decision makers prefer using an inclusion (vs. exclusion) strategy when faced with large choice sets. Study 2 replicates the effect of choice set size on preference for consideration set construction strategy and demonstrates that the belief that exclusion is more effortful mediates the relative preference for inclusion in large choice sets. Studies 3 and 4 further support the importance of perceived effort, demonstrating a greater preference for inclusion in large choice sets when decision makers are primed to think about effort (vs. accuracy; Study 3) and when the choice set is perceived as requiring more effort because of more information being presented about each alternative (vs. more alternatives in the choice set; Study 4). Finally, Study 5 manipulates consideration set construction strategy, showing that using inclusion (vs. exclusion) in large choice sets leads to smaller consideration sets, greater confidence in the decision process, and a higher quality consideration set.     

Against the New Evidentialists

Evidentialists and Pragmatists about reasons for belief have long been in dialectical stalemate. However, recent times have seen a new wave of Evidentialists who claim to provide arguments for their view which should be persuasive even to someone initially inclined toward Pragmatism. This paper reveals a central flaw in this New Evidentialist project: their arguments rely on overly demanding necessary conditions for a consideration to count as a genuine reason. In particular, their conditions rule out the possibility of pragmatic reasons for action. Since the existence of genuine pragmatic reasons for action is common ground between the Evidentialist and the Pragmatist, this problem for the New Evidentialist arguments is fatal. The upshot is that the deadlock between these two positions is restored: neither side can claim to be in possession of an argument that could convince the other. As it happens, I myself favor Pragmatism about reasons for belief, and although I don't claim to be able to convince a committed Evidentialist, I do make a prima facie case for Pragmatism by describing particular scenarios in which it seems to be true. I then go on to develop my own preferred version of the view: Robust Pragmatism, according to which a consideration never constitutes a reason for believing a proposition purely in virtue of being evidence for it.     

攻击行为社会信息加工模型与道德领域理论的整合

儿童攻击行为研究中Dodge等人提出的社会信息加工模型,强调社会交互作用情境下个体的信息加工过程与后来的社会行为之间的联系,对于信息加工所依据的数据库则缺乏系统的阐述。领域理论源于对道德认知的思考,将个体的社会知识分为道德、常规和个人三个领域,强调个体在领域认同标准和领域混合事件推理上的差异。Arsenio和Lemerise在情绪与社会信息加工模型整合的基础上,提出借鉴领域理论来说明数据库的内部结构以及其中的社会知识对于信息加工的影响。这些整合体现了认知和情绪在社会行为加工和决策过程中的交互作用,有利于说明存储在长时记忆中的社会知识之间的联系及作用,引发了对各种形式的内部心理成分的理论思考和多个实证研究方向,也为心理研究其他方面的整合工作提供了值得借鉴的研究思路     

From Intractable Conflict Through Conflict Resolution To Reconciliation: Psychological Analysis

Intractable intergroup conflicts require the formation of a conflictive ethos that enables a society to adapt to the conflict situation, survive the stressful period, and struggle successfully with the adversary. The formal termination of such a conflict begins with the elimination of the perceived incompatibility between the opposing parties through negotiation by their representatives—that is, a conflict resolution process. But this is only part of the long-term reconciliation process, which requires the formation of peaceful relations based on mutual trust and acceptance, cooperation, and consideration of mutual needs. The psychological aspect of reconciliation requires a change in the conflictive ethos, especially with respect to societal beliefs about group goals, about the adversary group, about the ingroup, about intergroup relations, and about the nature of peace. In essence, psychological reconciliation requires the formation of an ethos of peace, but this is extremely difficult in cases of intractable conflict. Political psychologists can and should work to improve the state of knowledge about reconciliation,which until now has received much less attention than conflict resolution.