金钱惩罚促进Stroop任务中的行为表现

本研究通过Stroop任务和修改版MIDT相结合,目的是考察不同额度金钱惩罚对Stroop任务行为表现的影响。结果发现：（1）无论是中性试次,一致试次还是不一致试次,金钱惩罚不仅减少了被试的行为反应时,而且提高了正确率;（2）非惩罚条件与惩罚条件下的冲突效应以及其他不同额度惩罚条件下的冲突效应差异不显著;（3）金钱惩罚对不一致试次反应时的影响与个体的惩罚敏感性呈显著负相关,而与奖赏敏感性无关。结果表明,金钱惩罚能够促进个体的一般行为表现,但是不会提高冲突抑制能力。同时,金钱惩罚对认知行为的影响与其惩罚敏感性密切相关。     

不同认知方式对词—面孔任务Stroop效应的影响

该研究采用词—面孔Stroop任务,以76名大学生为被试,探讨了不同认知方式（场独立、场依存）对情绪冲突Stroop效应的影响。结果发现：（1）情绪冲突的Stroop效应显著,即,在词—面孔Stroop任务中,当词和面孔的情绪效价一致时,被试的反应时更短,正确率更高。（2）认知方式对情绪冲突Stroop任务的影响显著,表现为无论是一致还是不一致条件下,场独立者比场依存者的反应时都更短。（3）场依存者的情绪冲突Stroop效应更大,表现为其在词—面孔情绪效价一致和不一致条件下的反应时差异更大。     

冲突观察能诱发冲突适应

重复启动效应和一致试次所占的比例都会影响冲突适应效应。采用词-色Stroop任务, 本研究在控制了重复启动效应和一致试次的比例之后, 通过三个实验共同探讨反应执行和冲突观察对冲突适应效应的影响。实验一发现当前试次的Stroop干扰效应, 但没有得到冲突适应效应; 在实验二中, 先前试次为四选一的选择反应时任务, 当前试次为词-色Stroop任务, 得到反转的冲突适应效应; 实验三和实验一程序相似, 但在先前试次上不执行反应, 得到了稳定的冲突适应效应。这些结果证明, 冲突观察能够诱发冲突适应机制, 提升当前的操作表现。     

青少年与成年人情绪冲突控制的年龄差异：一项行为和ERP研究（英文）

青春期被喻为“狂风骤雨期”,青少年可能比年幼的儿童和年长的成年人有更大的情绪抑制和控制的需求。情绪抑制控制能力与冒险行为、异常的心理和行为发展有关。本研究采用事件相关电位（ERP）方法探讨青少年与成人之间的情绪冲突控制的差异。31名早期青少年（男生19名;M年龄=12.66岁）和33名成年人（男生16名;M年龄=20.15岁）完成了面孔-词Stroop任务。在该任务中,情绪词叠加在情绪面孔上构成一致和不一致条件,被试被要求判断面孔的效价（面孔任务）或词语的效价（词语任务）。分析两组被试在行为表现和与情绪信息加工相关的ERP成分上的年龄差异。结果表明：（1）青少年在面孔判断任务中存在Stroop效应（一致性条件下的反应时间比不一致条件下的反应时间短）,而对于成年人而言,在面孔和词语判断任务中均发现了Stroop效应;（2）在青少年中,不一致条件诱发的N450波幅显著大于一致条件;（3）N450成分的Stroop效应仅在词语判断任务中出现,而SP成分的Stroop效应仅在面孔判断任务中出现。研究结果提供了神经证据表明,与成人相比,青少年处理情绪冲突的能力较差,这可能与其情绪控制相关的前额叶...     

返回抑制对空间Stroop效应的影响

联合空间cue—target范式和空间Stroop任务,考察了空间注意在解决空间Stroop效应中所起的作用。结果表明：（1）与空间Stroop刺激出现在非线索化位置相比,出现在线索化位置上时,被试对位置和空间维度不一致试验的反应更快,且空间Stroop的量显著减少;（2）返回抑制影响空间Stroop效应量的大小,返回抑制对非空间Stroop效应量的调节和对空间Stroop效应量的调节有所不同,无论一致条件,还是不一致条件下,对空间Stroop反应的反应速度要快于非空间Stroop。     

冲突观察范式下冲突适应的机制

冲突观察诱发的冲突适应不受反应执行的影响,因此更纯净。该研究分别采用Stroop任务、单词Flanker任务和字母Flanker任务的冲突观察范式,在三个实验中考察了冲突适应的机制。在三个实验中,冲突适应都表现在反应任务中的一致试次和不一致试次上;不一致试次之后的干扰效应显著小于一致试次之后的干扰效应;冲突适应量服从正态分布。因此,该研究首次在冲突观察范式下揭示了冲突适应的分布特征,为认知控制研究提供了新思路。     

听障儿童认知抑制控制的脑电特点

通过认知抑制控制的Stroop范式运用事件相关电位考察听障儿童和对照组儿童在认知抑制控制方面的行为特点以及脑内时程特点。行为结果显示：（1）两类被试在一致条件下认知抑制控制的正确率显著高于不一致条件,反应时显著快于不一致条件,表现出冲突效应;（2）组间结果显示,听障儿童的认知抑制控制正确率显著低于对照组儿童,反应时上差异不显著。脑电结果显示：（1）不一致条件在N450上的负激活显著高于一致条件,听障儿童比对照组儿童诱发了更负的N450波幅;（2）不一致条件在SP上的正激活显著高于一致条件,两类被试在SP上差异不显著。结果提示听障儿童在认知抑制控制过程中的冲突监测功能存在障碍,这是由于冲突监测过程中注意分配能力受损所致。     

不同年龄阶段Stroop效应及反转Stroop效应的特点

本实验以中学生和大学生为被试对Stroop效应及反转Stroop效应的年龄特征进行了研究,结果发现:在错误率指标上存在显著的年龄主效应,初中生的错误率显著高于大学生和高中生,高中生和大学生的差异不显著;颜色判断和单字判断任务中,不一致条件的反应时和错误率都显著高于一致条件的反应时和错误率,即两种任务分别产生了Stroop效应和反转的Stroop效应.     

高低创伤个体的Stroop干扰效应及性别差异研究

探讨高低创伤个体的认知干扰效应及性别差异。采用创伤事件终身经历问卷—学生版、PTSD检查表平时版来选取高低创伤被试,通过经典Stroop范式要求被试进行色—词辨别反应任务。结果显示：高低创伤被试间存在显著的差异,高创伤被试的反应时显著长于低创伤被试的反应时;高低创伤两组被试在任务类型上均存在显著差异,一致任务的反应时显著低于不一致任务的反应时;高创伤组被试在性别上存在显著差异,男性的反应时显著低于女性的反应时;创伤水平、性别与任务类型在Stroop效应干扰上存在交互作用。研究表明高创伤女性被试更容易受到认知干扰,Stroop任务的类型也对创伤被试产生一定作用。     

高低创伤经历个体的Stroop干扰效应及性别差异研究

探讨高低创伤个体的认知干扰效应及性别差异。采用创伤事件终身经历问卷—学生版、PTSD检查表平时版来选取高低创伤被试,通过经典Stroop范式要求被试进行色—词辨别反应任务。结果显示:高低创伤被试间存在显著的差异,高创伤被试的反应时显著长于低创伤被试的反应时;高低创伤两组被试在任务类型上均存在显著差异,一致任务的反应时显著低于不一致任务的反应时;高创伤组被试在性别上存在显著差异,男性的反应时显著低于女性的反应时;创伤水平、性别与任务类型在Stroop效应干扰上存在交互作用。研究表明高创伤女性被试更容易受到认知干扰,Stroop任务的类型也对创伤被试产生一定作用。     

奖惩对行为抑制及程序阶段中自主生理反应的影响

采用停止信号任务探讨奖惩条件对行为抑制和程序阶段中自主生理反应的影响。结果显示：(1)奖惩组的反应时显著高于控制组, 抑制失败率则显著低于控制组; (2)奖励组与其它两组相比表现出心率显著增加和皮肤电活动显著降低; (3)各生理指标在准备、工作和奖惩阶段中的奖惩差异性显著(4)奖惩条件下皮肤电活动呈现出一致性程序阶段变化。结果表明：奖惩条件均对行为具有抑制作用, 但在自主生理反应上则有显著差异; 各生理指标在准备、工作和奖惩阶段的情绪效价显著; 皮肤电活动的程序阶段变化显著, 但其奖惩效价较为稳定, 很少接受程序阶段变化的影响。     

奖惩对行为抑制能力和自主生理活动影响的时效性

将45名被试随机分配为奖励组、惩罚组和对照组, 实验进程按时间发展过程被分为五阶段, 采用停止信号任务探讨奖惩刺激对行为抑制能力和自主生理活动影响的时效性。结果显示：奖惩刺激对行为反应时和抑制失败率影响仅在第二、三阶段差异显著, 对心率影响的显著差异在第三阶段结束、而对皮电和指温影响的显著差异仍持续到第五阶段。结果表明：奖惩刺激对行为的抑制作用具有时效性, 有效时间内表现为仅奖励能提高行为抑制能力; 奖惩刺激对心率的影响具有时效性, 但对其它生理指标的影响则未显示出时效性。     

Motivational and cognitive determinants of control during conflict processing

Previous studies suggest that both reward anticipation and expected or experienced conflicts activate cognitive control. The present study investigated how these factors interact during conflict processing. In two experiments, participants performed a variant of the Stroop task, receiving performance-dependent monetary rewards in some blocks. In addition, we manipulated the level of conflict-triggered reactive and expectancy-driven proactive control: In Experiment 1, we compared the Stroop effect after previously congruent and incongruent trials to examine the conflict adaptation effect (reactive control). We found that the level of motivation did not interact with conflict adaptation. In Experiment 2, we varied the proportion of congruent and incongruent trials to manipulate conflict expectancy (proactive control). The data suggest the effects of motivation to be less pronounced under conditions of high conflict expectancy. We conclude that the interaction of motivation with cognitive determinants of control depends on whether these activate proactive or reactive control processes.     

Learning grammatical categories from distributional cues: Flexible frames for language acquisition

Performance in a behavioral task can be facilitated by associating stimulus properties with reward. In contrast, conflicting information is known to impede task performance. Here we investigated how reward associations influence the within-trial processing of conflicting information using a color-naming Stroop task in which a subset of ink colors (task-relevant dimension) was associated with monetary incentives. We found that color-naming performance was enhanced on trials with potential-reward versus those without. Moreover, in potential-reward trials, typical conflict-induced performance decrements were attenuated if the incongruent word (task-irrelevant dimension) was unrelated to reward. In contrast, incongruent words that were semantically related to reward-predicting ink colors interfered with performance in potential-reward trials and even more so in no-reward trials, despite the semantic meaning being entirely task-irrelevant. These observations imply that the prospect of reward enhances the processing of task-relevant stimulus information, whereas incongruent reward-related information in a task-irrelevant dimension can impede task performance.     

Working memory capacity predicts conflict-task performance

The relationship between the ability to maintain task goals and working memory capacity (WMC) is firmly established, but evidence for WMC-related differences in conflict processing is mixed. We investigated whether WMC (measured using two complex-span tasks) mediates differences in adjustments of cognitive control in response to conflict. Participants performed a Simon task in which congruent and incongruent trials were equiprobable, but in which the proportion of congruency repetitions (congruent trials followed by congruent trials or incongruent trials followed by incongruent trials) and thus the need for trial-by-trial adjustments in cognitive control varied by block. The overall Simon effect did not depend on WMC capacity. However, for the low-WMC participants the Simon effect decreased as the proportion of congruency repetitions decreased, whereas for the high- and average-WMC participants it was relatively constant across conditions. Distribution analysis of the Simon effect showed more evidence for the inhibition of stimulus location in the low- than in the high-WMC participants, especially when the proportion of congruency repetitions was low. We hypothesize that low-WMC individuals exhibit more interference from task-irrelevant information due to weaker preparatory control prior to stimulus presentation and, thus, stronger reliance on reactive recruitment of cognitive control.     

预期惩罚调节认知控制权衡：来自行为和fNIRS的证据

为了探讨预期惩罚是如何影响认知控制权衡,本研究采用fNIRS技术考察被试在完成有惩罚和无惩罚AX-CPT任务时的行为表现和大脑激活模式。行为结果发现：与无惩罚的基线条件相比,惩罚条件下个体偏向主动性控制。脑成像结果发现：与无惩罚的基线条件相比,惩罚条件下大脑前额叶皮层在线索阶段处于负激活状态。这说明,惩罚条件下在线索阶段个体需要更多的注意资源,因此,脑成像的结果也表明惩罚使被试更偏向主动性控制。     

Distinct neural correlates for two types of inhibition in bilinguals: response inhibition versus interference suppression

To examine the effects of bilingualism on cognitive control, we studied monolingual and bilingual young adults performing a flanker task with functional MRI. The trial types of primary interest for this report were incongruent and no-go trials, representing interference suppression and response inhibition, respectively. Response times were similar between groups. Brain data were analyzed using partial least squares (PLS) to identify brain regions where activity covaried across conditions. Monolinguals and bilinguals activated different sets of brain regions for congruent and incongruent trials, but showed activation in the same regions for no-go trials. During the incongruent trials, monolinguals activated the left temporal pole and left superior parietal regions. In contrast, an extensive network including bilateral frontal, temporal and subcortical regions was active in bilinguals during the incongruent trials and in both groups for the no-go trials. Correlations between brain activity and reaction time difference relative to neutral trials revealed that monolinguals and bilinguals showed increased activation in different brain regions to achieve less interference from incongruent flankers. Results indicate that bilingualism selectively affects neural correlates for suppressing interference, but not response inhibition. Moreover, the neural correlates associated with more efficient suppression of interference were different in bilinguals than in monolinguals, suggesting a bilingual-specific network for cognitive control.     

音乐训练与抑制控制的关系：来自ERPs的证据

抑制控制是人类非常重要的认知功能之一, 它对个体适应环境具有重要的意义。本研究将抑制控制细分为反应抑制和冲突控制, 采用Go/No-go和Stroop任务从行为和脑电层面, 考察了音乐训练与抑制控制能力的关系及其认知神经机制。结果发现：在行为指标上, 音乐训练组比控制组的Stroop干扰效应更小, 但两组被试在Go/No-go任务表现上没有差异。在脑电指标上, 在Go/No-go任务中音乐训练组的N2差异波和P3差异波波幅(No-go减Go条件)显著大于控制组, 在Stroop任务中音乐训练组的N450差异波波幅(不一致减一致条件)也显著大于控制组, 但两组被试的SP差异波波幅(不一致减一致条件)无显著差异。结果表明：音乐训练组被试在反应抑制任务中可能具有更强的冲突监控和运动抑制能力, 在冲突控制任务中也具有更强的冲突监控能力。本研究从电生理的层面反映了音乐训练与抑制控制能力的提升具有一定的关联。     

The interaction between stop signal inhibition and distractor interference in the flanker and Stroop task

In the present study, two experiments were conducted to investigate the interaction between the behavioral inhibition, measured by the stop signal task, and distractor interference, measured by the flanker task and the Stroop task. In the first experiment, the stop signal task was combined with a flanker task. Analysis revealed that participants responded faster when the distractors were congruent to the target. Also, the data suggest that it is more difficult to suppress a reaction when the distractors were incongruent. Whether the incongruent distractor was part of the response set (i.e. the distractor could also be a target) or not, had no influence on stopping reactions. In the second experiment, the stop signal task was combined with a manual version of the Stroop task and the degree of compatibility was varied. Even though in the second experiment of the present study interference control is differently operationalized, similar results as in the first experiment were found, indicating that inhibition of motor responses is influenced by the presentation of distracting information that is not part of the response set.