仁义礼智信和现代化

<正> 现代化需要讲仁、义、礼、智、信;仁、义、礼、智、信也需要实现现代化。实现现代化,发展商品经济,不讲求仁、义、礼、智、信,不以高度的社会伦理道德规范来约束人们的行为,就会重蹈某些资本主义国家的覆辙,产生诸多的社会流弊;仁、义、礼、智、信不实现现代化,就不能成为指导现代社会的社会生活准则,就不能适应现代社会的需要,就没有生命力。现代社会成员之间的关系是以自主、公正、平等、和谐的原则为基础建立起来的,     

程朱对孔孟仁学的改造与发展

儒家仁学的建立是孔孟对人类理性之觉醒的巨大贡献,孔孟奠定了儒家仁学之基础,却未封闭仁学之体系。宋代新儒家程朱等人继承了孔孟仁学的基本精神而又作了重大改造与发展：他们将孔孟的道德情感之"仁"升华为道德之本,将孔孟的道德条目之"仁"提升为道德宗元,将孔孟的主体精神之"仁"扩展为宇宙精神,将孔孟的个体生命力之"仁"发展为宇宙生生之德,儒家仁学因此而由道德伦理学升华为道德哲学。     

丁若镛实学中“仁”学思想体系的建构——孔孟仁学思想体系的复归与继承

丁若镛是韩国实学集大成者,他的哲学思想具有"反朱子学"、"脱性理学"的特性,主张恢复以孔孟为中心的原始儒学思想。他大胆地批判统治朝鲜朝社会的性理学,提出了一系列社会改革的思想和方案。如果说朱子把"仁"理解为形而上学概念的话,那么,丁若镛则把"仁"理解为道德行为主体的实践德目。他把"仁"理解为人与人之间的关系,而且是一种"向人之爱"的关系。他认为"仁"和"不仁"并非是内在于人心的、先验的价值观念,而是根据人的自律性意志的自觉选择,因而"恕"才是实现"仁"的具体方法。他主张把"仁"思想以孝、悌、慈的形式,扩充于社会政治、经济、文化等各个领域,成为全社会最普遍的、最根本的伦理。     

德性之"仁"与规范之"仁"——简论早期儒家的"仁"说及其现代价值

"仁"是早期儒家学说中的重要范畴.这一范畴既表明了儒家所理解并推崇的最高德性,又界定了儒家所主张的人们生活中普遍适用的行为规范.在儒家学者看来,如果一个人在社会生活中能够自觉地坚持"由仁义行",其结果则可为"行仁义".换言之,一个人若能够具备由"仁"这一范畴所表达的美好德性,实践由"仁"这一范畴所界定的伦理规范,其行为就会是道德的行为,亦即能获取自己圆满的人生价值.在儒家学说中,这种以"仁"范畴表达和论释的人的美德与行为规范及二者统一的伦理思想,值得我们在新的时代条件下借鉴与思考.因为人的德性与人的德行统一,德性是德行的基础,具备良好的德性,可导引行为的道德;坚持德行,则可以完善和彰显人的美德,正是今天我们在现实生活中倡导与追求的伦理意识.而这样的伦理意识早已蕴含在儒家以"仁"范畴为中心建构起来的仁学系统之中.     

退溪学与孔孟儒学

李退溪（湿）是十六世纪朝鲜李朝时代的理学大师,是东方杰出的思想家和教育家。他所创建的"退溪学"是一博大而深途的思想体系。"退溪学"既集朝鲜朱子学研究之大成,也直接吸取和蕴含了孔孟儒学思想的精髓。退溪先生自幼就熟读《论语》、《孟子》等儒家经典,孔孟儒学对他影响颇深。在《退溪先生文集）｝中,常见"孔颜曾孟"或"孔孟程朱"提法,而孔孟儒学思想也渗透在他的言行思想之中。退溪的政治哲学,就与孔孟儒学有着密切的关系。他吸取了孔子的"仁"和孟子"民贵君轻"思想,竭力推行孔孟儒学的"仁政"和民本思想。首先,退溪从君与民在经济…     

老子的仁德观及其伦理价值

"仁"的字形演变说明了仁德的内涵在先秦就已经发生了流变。深入探究仁德的内涵,需要从儒家思想继续向前追溯。老子的仁德观是将"仁"置于其"道、德、仁、义、礼、智、信"的道德系统中论述的。仁德是完整德性朴散为"下德"之后的最初主导德性,承接了道德的终极关怀。就"仁德"的品德内涵而言,尊道贵德是"慈爱"生发的保证,慈爱与对善的追求是一致的;需要重视自然规律支配下的差异性和本然性,从而表现为包容;仁德具有柔和的特性,是柔弱而非强势的。对"绝仁弃义"的解读,应重视老子仁义观所具有的超越论特点,也要看到这种超越是需要前提和条件的。     

恻隐之心为仁——杜甫儒家思想一瞥

孔孟思想的核心是“仁”,是对人的尊重和关怀。孔孟的仁政思想,是以爱人为中心的。杜甫是孔孟思想的继承者和实践者。杜甫“恻隐仁者心”的儒家思想,是他对苦难中人民的深切同情。杜甫最可宝贵的,就是身处逆境,却情系国家,心想人民。     

孔子仁礼关系新探——以“德性生命”为视域的考察

仁礼关系是孔子思想中一个重要且基本的问题。孔子之仁有情感之仁与境界之仁两重核心意涵:情感之仁即以"亲亲之爱"为内核、以"爱人"为普遍表征的真情实感;境界之仁则是统摄礼、义、智等德性的"全德"或理想人格。在孔子那里,首先,礼以情感之仁为本,礼既内发于情感之仁,又以情感之仁的安顿为本质;其次,境界之仁通过克己复礼的方式而呈现,此即礼内化于生命、内化为境界的过程。由礼的内发与内化可知,仁与礼之间是互动性、构成性的关系,一体化的"德性生命"由此而得以成就。     

德性主义的重叙和再建——罗国杰德性伦理思想简论

德性主义或德性论是罗国杰晚年的主要理论或思想命题之一,对它的理解不仅是研究罗国杰思想的重要环节,也是研究当代马克思主义伦理思想中国化的重要任务。《学术自述》反映了罗国杰最终的思想意愿和学术期待,可称为"伦理学遗嘱",其中提出的新德性论表明对道德概念本身认识的一个重要变化,即从早期的《伦理学》等代表的从社会意识形态和思想上层建筑的角度认识、分析道德,到晚年转入沉思人的精神世界,以主体普遍性的德性为核心思考人的生存之境,并由此观照、探察道德,从而再次论定伦理学的功能与伦理学人的使命。罗国杰的德性论深深植根于中国人的精神文化世界之中,蕴含着一种具有远古渊源的德性传统的重叙和对现代道德问题的全景性视观,无疑有益于我们立足民族文化建设中国特色和中国气派的伦理学。他以一种全新的灵活性在中国传统德性论、西方理性主义德性论与历史唯物主义的密网中游刃有余,其辩谈追求德性、德行与规范的统一,体现出故土情怀、现代道德观、理性方法和包容态度之方法特色,因此能直达现代社会道德问题的视阈极境。新德性论亦是一个将世界观、人生观、价值观和德性观辩证统一的教育伦理理论体系。     

德性是相对的吗 —— —以孔孟的德性论为例

自上世纪德性论的转向以来,德性论是否可能受到了广泛的质疑.许多学者认为德性论由于强调通过人的习惯行为养成德性,因此,德性是与特殊的社会条件联系在一起的,具有相对主义的特征,不具有普遍的性质.对于这些质疑,以孔孟的德性论为例观之,孔孟的德性论不仅有一个社会性的维度,还有一个人性论的维度,这为德性论超越具体的社会条件的局限而具有普遍的性质提供了可能.而德性培养过程中的智能的作用恰可起到联系特殊与一般的作用.伦理道德的普遍性具有与理论科学中的普遍性不一样的特征,具有大体如此的特点.     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

神圣、凡俗与净明、忠孝

本文结合有关宗教学理论,对宋元净明道所推崇的"净明"、"忠孝"概念进行了解析.作者以为:宋元净明道视世俗性的道德实践为"神圣"的宗教修炼,实与宗教学中的凡俗可以"转换"为神圣之理论相合;而净明道徒的这种"转换",则多与其个体的"宗教体验"有关.至于元代净明道借"无极"概念来释"净明",以"净明"为回复宇宙根源之境界,则合于宗教人经验到与万物的根源、终极的本体或神圣的世界契合之感.换言之,宋元净明道的"净明"、"忠孝"说,实与各种宗教的本质有着相通之处.