IgG determination in the cerebrospinal fluid--correlation of these results with other cerebrospinal fluid values

IgG determined by means of quantitative radial immunodiffusion in the cerebrospinal fluid of 225 neurological patients correlates in a statistically significant manner (p less than 0.001) with the gamma-globulin determined by the acetate foil electrophoresis. The indication of the IgG as a percentage of the total protein (limiting value of 10 per cent) is suitable for an orientating assessment in the diagnosis of inflammatory-immunoreactive diseases of the central nervous system. The IgG-values exceeding 10 per cent of the total protein correlate in 260 fluids examined in the respect with the percental value of the lymphocyte content which also lies above the reference range (p less than 0.001). For the assessment of the presence of a barrier disturbance, a comparison with the serum values should be carried out, either in the form of the frequently used fluid/serum quotients of the immunglobulin or the electrophoretically separated protein fraction.     

类风湿因子阳性干扰血TSH测定而误诊为原发性甲减一例分析

对1例类风湿因子抗体（RF-IgG）阳性同时伴促甲状腺激素（TSH）升高,按原发性甲减治疗后临床上出现了甲亢症状但血 TSH 仍很高的患者,进行临床和实验分析,以零 TSH 血清等倍稀释,观察其变化曲线。用蛋白质 G 琼脂糖树脂去除血清中 IgG ,并以缓冲液对未过柱等量血清进行同倍稀释,以排除过柱过程中缓冲液对测定的影响,比较过柱前后TSH 水平,发现 TSH 明显降低,证明 RF-IgG 可造成 TSH 假性增高,并证实蛋白质 G 琼脂糖树脂可去除血清中 RF-IgG ,消除该干扰。     

An economical modification of radial immunodiffusion for the determination of immunoglobulins in the cerebrospinal fluid]

In a total of fifty cerebrospinal fluids, such immunoglobulins as IgG, IgA, and IgM were quantitatively determined in a parallel manner on LC partigen plates and on slides (SEVAC set of means of testing). The comparability of the two methods of test proved excellent with good precision. The sensitivity of IgA determination on slides was made higher, the measurability of all precipitates was improved, and the economic advantage increased by cutting the cost of one determination fifteen times.     

Social stress in pregnant squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis peruviensis) differentially affects placental transfer of maternal antibody to male and female infants.

The capacity of prenatal stress to disrupt the placental transfer of maternal antibody was evaluated in neonatal squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis peruviensis) gestated under different pregnancy conditions. Normal squirrel monkey offspring (n = 63) were compared with infants generated from pregnancies that involved either a single or 3 periods of disturbance (ns = 21 and 29, respectively). At parturition, levels of antibody (IgG) were determined in mothers and neonates. Only the chronic disturbance condition significantly altered antibody levels in the mothers, resulting in lower IgG. Antibody transfer to the fetus was also affected only by chronic disturbance. In this case the effect was bidirectional, influenced by the sex of the infant. Males were born with lower levels, whereas female infants actually had higher-than-normal IgG, despite lower titers in their mothers. Because virtually all IgG is derived from the prenatal transfer of maternal antibody, it indicates that the sex of the fetus differentially affected this placental process. The IgG receptor may have been up-regulated selectively on the placentas of female fetuses, compensating for reduced antibody in the disturbed mothers.     

IgG4相关性胆胰疾病的诊断和治疗

近年来发现,IgG4相关性疾病可累及全身多系统多器官,目前研究提示IgG4相关性胆胰疾病主要有IgG4相关性硬化性胆管炎和自身免疫性胰腺炎（AIP）.前者是一种免疫发病机制未明、生化学特点以及胆管影像学表现与原发性硬化性胆管炎（PSC）相似,对糖皮质激素应答良好的疾病.后者临床表现为复发性胰腺炎、梗阻性黄疸,伴胆管、涎腺等其他器官受累.实验室检查血清和组织学IgG4明显升高.影像学表现为胰腺呈“腊肠样”外观,伴主胰管弥漫不规则狭窄,同样对激素治疗敏感.二者常同时受累、关系密切,易误诊为胆管癌、硬化性胆管炎或胰腺癌,本文将当前国内外研究现状做一介绍,供临床诊治参考.     

Chronic stress, leukocyte subpopulations, and humoral response to latent viruses

Psychological stress has been shown to affect immune system status and function, but most studies of this relationship have focused on acute stress and/or laboratory situations. The present study compared total numbers of leukocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations (determined by flow cytometry) and antibody titers to latent and nonlatent viruses among a group of chronically stressed individuals living near the damaged Three Mile Island (TMI) nuclear power plant with those of a demographically comparable control group. Urinary catecholamine and cortisol levels were also examined. Residents of the TMI area exhibited greater numbers of neutrophils, which were positively correlated with epinephrine levels. The TMI group also exhibited fewer B lymphocytes, T-suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocytes, and natural killer cells. Antibody titers to herpes simplex were significantly different across groups as well, whereas titers to nonlatent rubella virus as well as IgG and IgM levels were comparable.     

Cerebrospinal fluid parameters in Guillain-Barré polyradiculitis. Importance of barrier disorder and intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis

With routine CSF determination of 21 patients with GBS the BBB and the intrathecal IgG synthesis was investigated when calculated CSF/serum albumin ratio and CSF IgG-index respectively. Only in 2 of 21 patients (9.5%) an intrathecal IgG synthesis and in 14 of 21 patients (67%) a BBB damage was found. The BBB was considered as an important pathogenetic factor in GBS. A hypothesis for the development of the albumino-cytological dissociation is presented.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血中睾酮的变化及其意义

测定65例慢性乙型肝炎患者和35例健康者血清睾酮水平,并分别检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（alanine aminotransferase,ALT）、谷氨酸氨基转移酶（aspartate aminotransferase,AST）、γ-谷氨酰基转肽酶（gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase,GOT）、血清总胆红素（total bilirubin,TBIL）、碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase,ALP）、免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA,荧光定量PCR检测外周血HBV DNA水平。慢性乙型肝炎患者血清睾酮水平显著高于正常对照组,HBeAg阳性患者较HBeAg阴性患者升高明显,但差别无显著意义。慢性乙型肝炎患者肝功血清学指标ALT、AST、TBIL、GGT、ALP及IgG水平显著高于正常人,但乙肝患者睾酮水平与ALT等生化指标及HBV DNA水平无明显相关性,与免疫球蛋白IgG呈中等负相关。因而可以看出慢性乙型肝炎患者血清睾酮水平显著高于正常人,睾酮水平升高可作为慢性乙型肝炎的易感因素之一。     

条件反射性抗体反应增强的动态分析——以OVA为非条件刺激物

研究了条件反射性抗体反应增强模型的建立。被试为49只雄性成年Wistar大鼠,采用糖精水作为条件性刺激,一种蛋白抗原卵清蛋白作为非条件性刺激配对给予大鼠,两者结合后,在初次抗体应答下降阶段再次单独给予条件刺激,用酶联免疫吸附法分时段检测抗体水平的变化。发现条件组在条件刺激后15,20,25天左右抗体水平明显高于对照组。这一过程与初次抗体应答的规律类似。这些结果证实经一次条件训练,单独给予条件刺激能诱导出明显的条件反射性抗体反应增高。     

Multiple factors in short-term behavioral control of protein intake in rats.

The availability and concentration of dietary protein was varied in an examination of the nature of the day-to-day intake of protein solutions by 60-day-old male rats. It was found that the rats consumed a remarkably constant absolute amount of protein each day, adjusting overall caloric intake to maintain protein at a roughly constant proportion of total calories. Factors such as the time of access to a protein source or the extent of prior experience with a protein source were seen to influence the overall constancy of protein intake, whereas daily shifts in preference between two available concentrations of protein did not interfere with such short-term control. The mechanism for this behavioral control is likely to be different from mechanisms mediating the conditioned response to dietary protein, as in the response to dietary amino acid imbalance.     

电击信号应激对大鼠体液免疫及内分泌功能的影响

研究了足电击及以电击装置为信号刺激所诱发的情绪应激对大鼠原发性体液免疫反应及内分泌的影响。 结果表明每天１０分钟,共６天的足电击对大鼠抗特异性抗原ＯＶＡ的原发性体液免疫反应无明显作用,而此电击作 用结合每天１０分钟,共８天的情绪应激则可显著降低大鼠体液免疫反应及脾脏指数。同时该应激可显著提高大鼠 血儿茶酚胶和皮质酮水平。该研究证明了情绪应激对大鼠体液免疫功能的调节作用,并对交感神经系统和下丘脑－ 垂体－肾上腺（ＨＰＡ）轴在其中所起的作用进行了初步探讨。     

BDNF Regulates the Intrinsic Excitability of Cortical Neurons

Neocortical pyramidal neurons respond to prolonged activity blockade by modulating their balance of inward and outward currents to become more sensitive to synaptic input, possibly as a means of homeostatically regulating firing rates during periods of intense change in synapse number or strength. Here we show that this activity-dependent regulation of intrinsic excitability depends on the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In experiments on rat visual cortical cultures, we found that exogenous BDNF prevented, and a TrkB–IgG fusion protein reproduced, the change in pyramidal neuron excitability produced by activity blockade. Most of these effects were also observed in bipolar interneurons, indicating a very general role for BDNF in regulating neuronal excitability. Moreover, earlier work has demonstrated that BDNF mediates a different kind of homeostatic plasticity present in these same cultures: scaling of the quantal amplitude of AMPA-mediated synaptic inputs up or down as a function of activity. Taken together, these results suggest that BDNF may be the signal controlling a coordinated regulation of synaptic and intrinsic properties aimed at allowing cortical networks to adapt to long-lasting changes in activity.     

Assessment of prealbumin in cerebrospinal fluid

The paper describes statistical relationship between prealbumin and total protein in lumbal CSF of a control group and a total group of patients with neurological diseases. The equations of the regression lines and the boundary lines of the distribution areas did not significantly differ between both groups. Therefore, prealbumin seems to be not qualified for differential diagnosis. On the other hand, its application to characterize functional states of blood-brain-CSF barrier systems is discussed.     

Stressor exposure produces long-term reductions in antigen-specific T and B cell responses

Exposure to an acute laboratory stressor at the time of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) immunization results in a long-term suppression in circulating anti-KLH antibody. The mechanism for the stress-induced reduction in anti-KLH immunoglobulin (Ig) remains unknown. Given that the generation of anti-KLH antibody requires T cell help, we hypothesize that stress reduces the proliferation of anti-KLH T cells, thus leading to a reduction in anti-KLH antibody. The present studies examined the effect of tail shock stress (100, 1.6 mA, 5-s, 60 s ITI) on the KLH specific T cell response. Fischer F344 rats were immunized either intraperitoneally (i.p.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) at the base of the tail with 200 microg KLH, and exposed to inescapable tail shock (IS) or remained in their home cages (HCC). T cell proliferation after KLH restimulation, but not ConA, was markedly suppressed in IS animals in both the spleen after i.p. immunization and the draining lymph nodes after s.c. immunization. Other secondary lymphoid cells did not differ in their proliferative capacity. Anti-KLH IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a, but not anti-KLH IgM serum levels were significantly suppressed. These data support the conclusion that stress suppresses the generation of antigen specific T cells. In addition, the methods employed in the current study allow the isolation of the site of the acquired T cell immune response, making it possible to further elucidate the cellular mechanisms that contribute to stress-induced modulation of the antigen-specific acquired immune response.     

Psychological stress-factors and concentrations of immunoglobulins and complement components in humans

Relationships between two types of occupational stress, one chronic and one acute, and plasma immunoglobulin and complement components were measured. The first group comprised female primary school teachers ( N =40) subjected to long-lasting work stress. The second group comprised male merchant navy students ( N =38) subjected to a series of short-lasting fear-inducing 20 meter drops in a life boat specially built for rescue operations from oil platforms. Significant correlations were found between personality factors, immunoglobulins and complement components in the teacher group, but not amongst the merchant navy students. For the teachers, personality traits correlated negatively with concentrations of IgA and IgG. IgM concentrations correlated with the more immediate work-related problems reported by the teachers. In a multiple regression analysis, psychological factors explained between 32% (IgM) and 15% (IgG) of the interindividual variance, when sex, age and job seniority and employment factors were controlled for. Psychological factors may therefore, at least on longlasting occupational stress groups, correlate with immune processes. The data support the concept of the importance for psychological factors in immunological function.     

Personality, examination stress and serum concentrations of immunoglobulins

In the first part of the study, 10 undergraduate students were tested to determine the effects of examination stress on serum concentrations of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM and IgE). Testing was undertaken six weeks prior to a final written examination, at the time of the examination, and 12–14 days after the examination. A control group consisted of students not taking an examination. The results demonstrated a small but significant decrease in IgM during the observed period. However, there were no other significant effects. In the second part of the study, correlations between baseline serum levels of immunoglobulins and psychological variables in a sample consisting of 40 undergraduate students were examined. The results demonstrated a significant relationship between IgM concentrations and psychological variables reflecting acute or chronic psychological load, e.g. social alienation, anxiety/tension, depressive mood, and emotional and bodily complaints. There were no significant correlations between the psychological variables and IgA, IgG or IgE. Multiple regression analysis showed that 34% of the variance in IgM levels could be explained by the variables Somatic complaints and Social alienation. Immunoglobulin levels were not significantly correlated with serum Cortisol or prolactin concentration.     

Diagnostic value of quantitative and qualitative variations in cerebrospinal fluid proteins]

Values of the liquor pherogram, which were obtained by means of electrophoresis on acetate folie and classified by disease groups and by the proportions of beta-globulin and first fraction, are compared, with respect to the absolute contents, by reference to tables and figures. The diagnostic importance of low total protein contents in the lumbar liquors of adults is considered in connection with a discussion of the usefulness of indicating the liquor pherogram in terms of percentage or absolute values.     

Evidence that secretory IgA antibody is associated with daily mood

In this study, we examined the secretory immune system, the body's first line of defense against invading organisms, and its relation to daily fluctuations of mood. Specifically, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) was studied. Unlike other psychoimmunity studies that examined all sIgA protein regardless of specificity to invading organisms, ours examined an antigen-specific sIgA response to the oral administration of a harmless protein (rabbit albumin) and monitored the antibody produced in response to the protein. Dental students recorded their daily mood thrice weekly for 8 1/3 weeks, and parotid saliva was obtained from subjects during these contacts. Using a within-subjects analyses strategy, we found that antibody response was lower on days with high negative mood relative to days with lower negative mood, and conversely, sIgA antibody response was higher on days with high positive mood relative to days with lower positive mood. Results from total sIgA protein were in the opposite direction, although not significantly so. These results extend our knowledge of immunological changes and mood, and they suggest that minor life events' role in health may be mediated by the secretory immune system.     

The vascular cerebellopontile angle syndrome]

A cerebellopontine angle tumor cannot be reliably diagnosed from a classical clinicotopographic cerebellopontine angle syndrome. There is also a vascular cerebellopontine angle syndrome which is not too rare an occurrence. In some cases of tumorigenesis, where there is no papilledema and no characteristic increase in total liqour protein, it is not possible to make a clear decision between tumorous growth and vascular syndrome. The extension of the internal auditory meatus cannot be considered to be a symptom clearly indicating the presence of a tumor.     

Cerebrospinal fluid findings in chronic cerebral-organic psychiatric axis syndrome

Retrospective examinations of liquors from 136 children with a chronic brain-organic psychic axis syndrome following brain damage during infancy yielded pathological findings in 75.7% of the cases. These included changes in total protein content, slight increases in cell counts and the occurrence of monocytic forms of stimulus, but rarely changes in the pattern produced by electrophoresis of the liquor. Combinations of these pathological findings are rare, so that it is not possible to elaborate a typical liquor syndrome for this group of patients.