社会拥挤对金钱捐赠意愿的影响：自我表达需要的中介作用

通过四个实验（474名被试）,采用三种不同的刺激物操纵拥挤感,在三种不同情境下测量两类金钱捐赠行为,来探索拥挤感对金钱捐赠的影响。结果发现：拥挤感强（vs. 弱）的被试有更高的金钱捐赠意愿、更高的月度和年度捐赠金额;其中个体的自我表达需要发挥中介作用,即体验到强拥挤感的个体的自我表达需要更强,为了满足这一需要,更积极响应金钱捐赠的呼吁。     

生命史权衡的内在机制:动机控制策略的中介作用

本研究基于生命史理论框架,通过整合生命史理论以及毕生发展动机理论的研究,进一步探索并验证生命史权衡的内在机制:动机控制策略(而非控制感)的中介效应。研究1采取问卷调查的方法,选取Mini-K量表以及首要–次级控制优化量表,结果表明,最优化策略、选择性首要控制以及选择性次级控制均发挥中介作用。研究2采用实验法,针对性地验证暴露在负性环境线索中的个体的最优化策略是否起中介作用,结果表明,最优化策略中介童年社会经济地位和延迟满足的关系。     

生命史策略框架下时间焦点对内隐时空映射的影响

时间焦点是塑造内隐时空映射的关键因素,但不同生命史策略个体的时间取向差异是否影响时间焦点和内隐时空映射以及二者如何交互影响内隐时空映射尚不清晰。本文通过3个研究考察不同生命史策略个体的时间焦点和内隐时空映射偏好,并进一步探讨生命史策略和时间焦点如何对内隐时空映射起作用。研究1发现快生命史策略个体不存在时间焦点偏好,慢生命史策略个体偏好未来焦点。研究2发现快生命史策略个体的内隐时空映射方向没有明显偏好,而慢生命史策略个体偏好“未来在前”的内隐时空映射。研究3发现干预时间焦点可以塑造快生命史策略个体的内隐时空映射,但对慢生命史策略个体内隐时空映射的影响甚微。整个研究从进化适应性角度证明生命史策略能够影响时间焦点和内隐时空映射,并发现时间焦点假设的影响具有边界条件。     

金钱启动与道德认同对大学生道德伪善的影响

以大学生为被试,采用任务分配范式,实验1考察了金钱概念启动和道德认同对个体道德伪善的影响;实验2探讨了金钱丰富程度启动和道德认同对个体道德伪善的影响。结果发现：(1)与控制组相比,金钱概念启动使得言行不一的人数显著增加;与金钱匮乏感启动组相比,金钱富足感启动使得言行不一的人数显著增加;(2)低道德认同被试中道德伪善者的比例显著高于高道德认同被试;而且金钱启动显著增加了高道德认同被试的道德伪善。该研究启示我们减少情境中的金钱等与利益有关的线索以及提高个体的道德认同水平,将有利于减少道德伪善的发生。     

国家青年排球队员时间管理倾向与自我价值感的相关研究

运用时间管理倾向量表和自我价值感量表对13名国家青年排球队运动员的研究表明,国家青年排球队运动员的整体时间管理倾向与大学生没有显着差异;自我价值感显着高于常模群体,具有较高的自我价值感水平;相关分析发现,时间监控观与总体自我价值感和一般自我价值感之间的相关显着,时间监控观与社会取向的家庭自我价值感、时间管理倾向的三维度与个体自我价值感之间存在显着的相关;多重回归分析发现时间监控观对总体自我价值感和一般自我价值感具有直接的预测作用。     

生命意义感对大学新生日常烦心事和心理适应的影响

为验证日常烦心事对个体心理适应的作用过程,并探讨生命意义感是否在烦心事知觉与心理适应之间起调节作用。研究采用纵向追踪方式对153名大学新生进行新近生活经历问卷、压力知觉量表、生命意义感量表和心理适应的测量。结果显示压力知觉在日常烦心事与心理适应之间起完全中介作用;拥有意义在烦心事知觉与心理适应之间起调节作用,但追求意义的调节作用不显著。这说明日常烦心事会通过压力知觉影响个体心理适应,拥有意义对个体心理适应具有调节作用。     

生命史理论概述及其与社会心理学的结合——以道德行为为例

生命史理论作为进化心理学的代表性理论之一, 同时关注了环境因素和个体经验, 是社会心理与个人心理的有机结合, 但是该理论目前在社会心理学领域得到的关注还相当有限。因此该理论具体的建立、发展过程, 主要理论观点, 以及主要测量方法、测量工具都需要进行详细的梳理和介绍, 以便于研究者对其有较为全面的理解。此外, 结合社会心理学的重要研究主题--道德行为, 可以发现不同生命史策略在个体的亲社会行为、不道德／暴力犯罪行为上可能有不同的表现, 并且控制感、安全感和调节定向理论都会是其可能的影响机制。因此在未来的研究中, 应该将生命史理论在社会心理学领域进行更广泛的应用, 为社会心理学研究者提供一个分析道德行为的新视角。     

中国人获得感的结构研究

获得感是一个具有心理内涵与时代特色的新生概念。为了探究获得感的结构内涵,通过自由联想法形成量表的初始项目,先后进行两次预测并根据结果修订量表。然后对量表进行正式施测并检验其信效度,同时采用中文版生活满意度量表和幸福倾向量表进行效标效度检验。结果显示,中国人的获得感是个体对获取自身需求满足的内容、实现途径与所需条件的认知评价以及在此过程中的心理体验,包括获得体验、获得环境、获得内容、获得途径和获得分享五个维度。信效度分析表明,编制的中国人获得感量表符合心理测量学的标准,可用于相关的社会心理研究与应用。     

金钱概念激活与金钱功能偏好对自我损耗后利他的影响

金钱启动能够提高自我损耗后个体的利他,而金钱功能也可能对损耗后个体利他产生不可忽视的影响。实验让处于自我损耗状态的被试数金钱或白纸,然后测量其利他水平及其对金钱功能的内隐偏好。结果证实了金钱启动的积极效应。此外,在数金钱和数白纸两种条件下,金钱象征性功能偏好对自我损耗后个体利他的效应是相反的。这表明,激活金钱概念与偏好金钱象征性功能都有可能补偿自我损耗后的消极影响,但两者的补偿作用是相互独立的。     

情绪智力、组织公平和组织公民行为关系的研究

本研究采用相关分析和多元回归分析方法检验了组织中个体情绪智力、组织公平与组织公民行为的关系.通过情绪智力量表、组织公平感量表、中国组织公民行为量表对企业中288个样本进行结构化问卷调查,结果表明:组织公平感与组织公民行为有显著的正相关;情绪智力与组织公民行为有显著的正相关;情绪智力对组织公平感和组织公民行为的关系起到一定程度的缓冲作用.     

Poverty in Russia

This paper is intended to shed light on the extent of poverty in the Russian Federation. We present estimates of poverty lines and poverty ratios derived from subjective questions used in a data collection for a large household panel (RUSSET). We estimate poverty using a subjective approach, where the level of the poverty line is derived using the opinion of the individual, rich or poor, on poverty. This approach differs from the objective approach to poverty, which defines poverty according to the opinion of experts. Three subjective poverty lines are presented: one the Financial Satisfaction Poverty Line, two the Leyden Poverty Line, and three the Subjective Well-Being Poverty Line. The first two poverty lines are based on subjective questions regarding income and economic welfare while the last concept focuses on satisfaction with life as a whole. The results obtained are compared with each other and with results derived using objective measures and official figures.     

Multidimensional Poverty Index and Happiness

In recent years, income concepts have been criticized for being too narrow to capture human well-being. The broader “objective” capability approach and subjective well-being analyses have been highlighted as most prominent approaches which allow for well-being assessments beyond income. Recently, a combination of the capability and of the subjective well-being approach has been recommended to strengthen well-being analyses. Our paper further explores the relations of both approaches. Based upon micro data covering more than 2300 individuals from four villages in rural Karnataka (India), the paper empirically analyses to which degree objective capability deprivation reflected by the United Nations Development Programme’s Multidimensional Poverty Index coincides with reduced happiness. We find positive correlations between Multidimensional Poverty Index deprivation and lack of happiness for some dimensions; otherwise the correlation is weak for the majority of Multidimensional Poverty Index indicators. Our results suggest that “relativity” towards other villagers is crucial for happiness. Moreover, from a happiness perspective our findings show the necessity to integrate financial deprivation indicators and further “missing dimensions” of deprivation into the Multidimensional Poverty Index. Furthermore, it may be fruitful to measure multidimensional poverty on a household and individual level.     

Behavior analysts in the war on poverty: A review of the use of financial incentives to promote education and employment

Poverty is a pervasive risk factor underlying poor health. Many interventions that have sought to reduce health disparities associated with poverty have focused on improving health‐related behaviors of low‐income adults. Poverty itself could be targeted to improve health, but this approach would require programs that can consistently move poor individuals out of poverty. Governments and other organizations in the United States have tested a diverse range of antipoverty programs, generally on a large scale and in conjunction with welfare reform initiatives. This paper reviews antipoverty programs that used financial incentives to promote education and employment among welfare recipients and other low‐income adults. The incentive‐based, antipoverty programs had small or no effects on the target behaviors; they were implemented on large scales from the outset, without systematic development and evaluation of their components; and they did not apply principles of operant conditioning that have been shown to determine the effectiveness of incentive or reinforcement interventions. By applying basic principles of operant conditioning, behavior analysts could help address poverty and improve health through development of effective antipoverty programs. This paper describes a potential framework for a behavior‐analytic antipoverty program, with the goal of illustrating that behavior analysts could be uniquely suited to make substantial contributions to the war on poverty.     

贫困对个体执行功能的影响

已有研究发现,贫困会对个体的执行功能产生消极的影响,这种影响贯穿于个体婴儿期、童年期以及成年期。贫困会影响与执行功能相关的前额叶的结构（如较小的灰质体积）。贫困个体与非贫困个体对额叶区域资源的调用方式不同,贫困个体需要使用额外的补偿资源来监测和抑制对干扰物的反应。贫困会通过压力、认知剥夺以及父母养育等因素直接或间接的影响个体的执行功能。今后该领域的研究应关注贫困影响执行功能的调节变量（如自我肯定、自我调节）,建立贫困影响执行功能的综合模型（如考虑贫困经历时间等）,立足执行功能的可塑性,通过认知干预提高贫困个体的执行功能。     

Best Practices for Counseling Clients Experiencing Poverty: A Grounded Theory

Poverty is a pressing sociopolitical issue in the United States and worldwide. Poverty experiences have a significant effect on one’s mental health and overall wellness. Therefore, the ability to effectively serve clients experiencing poverty is critically important to professional counselors. However, there are no empirical models for counseling clients experiencing poverty. The authors present the results of a constructivist grounded theory study in which 21 professional counselors who work with clients experiencing poverty were interviewed to identify best practices for working with this population. Five major best practices are identified: (a) awareness, (b) training, (c) knowledge, (d) skills, and (e) advocacy. Implications for professional counseling are included.     

Risk and protective factors for urban African-American youth

The present study investigated risk and resilience processes in a sample of urban African-American youth. Risk and protective factors were assessed across ecological levels including individual, family and community. Both externalizing and internalizing symptomatology were included as measures of child adjustment. Youth and parental reports as well as various methods, such as the Experience Sampling Method, were used to capture the daily experiences of the adolescents from different perspectives. Poverty, hassles, and exposure to violence predicted higher rates of externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Individual and family protective variables emerged as powerful sources of resilience. An inner sense of confidence and helpful family support were associated with reductions in the deleterious effects of community poverty. Two main patterns, protective-stabilizing and overwhelming-risk, seemed to characterize most of the risk by protective factor interactions. The present findings are important for understanding the complex experiences of urban youth and furthering the literature on sources of risk and protection for African-Americans.     

The psychological sense of economic hardship: measurement models, validity, and cross-ethnic equivalence for urban families

Poverty is a community stressor that disproportionally affects ethnic minority families. One aspect of programmatic research on poverty focuses on the psychological sense of economic hardship. In a study of 319 African American, European American, and Mexican American urban families, parents completed objective measures of economic status and scales of perceived economic hardship that were adapted from previous research. Measurement models identified a coherent construct of psychological sense of economic hardship that was essentially equivalent for mothers and fathers, English- and Spanish-speaking Mexican Americans, and the 3 ethnic groups. In support of the validity of this construct, relations between objective indicators of economic status and perceived economic hardship showed equivalence across these same groups.     

Development as Happiness: The Subjective Perception of Happiness and UNDP’s Analysis of Poverty, Wealth and Development

This paper examines to what extent the concept of happiness is complementary to the United Nations Development Program's (UNDP) human development approach in the evaluation of poverty, wealth and development. The deconstruction of UNDP's discourse on and its measurement of these concepts show that its perspective is highly arbitrary. Poverty is exclusively defined as lack and state of ill-being, inferior to wealth regarded as a state of abundance and well-being. Development then becomes a teleological process trying to promote well-being through abundance. Yet, this external perspective of UNDP on well-being is questioned by the subjective perception of the individuals themselves. Happiness studies—which define happiness as the degree to which an individual judges the overall quality of his life-as-a-whole favorably—prove that higher levels of UNDP's development indicators are not necessarily better for subjective well-being. Despite methodological and conceptual problems, happiness studies discover that the individuals' perception of poverty, wealth and development can differ considerably from UNDP's perspective. Increased income, better objective health and higher levels of education do not automatically lead to greater happiness. Furthermore, additional dimensions essential for human happiness are detected by the research, yet not taken into account by UNDP. A country ranking comparison between the two approaches confirms the different visions of well-being. The integration of a happiness indicator in its analysis of poverty, wealth and development is thus indispensable for UNDP in order to correct its analytical and also practical approach to development.     

Representations of Poverty in British Newspapers: A Case of ‘Othering’ the Threat?

The meanings of social problems like poverty develop within the public sphere. This paper uses the theory of social representations to examine how poverty is represented in British newspapers. Poverty has been discussed and interpreted in numerous ways, and newspapers not only provide a platform for these elaborations but also contribute to shaping public understanding on the issue. The study sampled news coverage on poverty in four British newspapers during two randomly chosen one‐month periods in the years 2001 and 2011. The data set of news reports (n = 274) was thematically analysed to examine representations of poverty. The study found that in the domestic context, media represents poverty as a problem limited to vulnerable groups such as children and the elderly. With a lack of discussion on the wider socio‐economic causes and contributing factors, poverty within the UK appears as an ‘orphan phenomenon’ with an unknown genesis. In contrast, the representations of poverty outside the UK are vivid and elaborate, and the news reports hold the socio‐political inefficiency of countries responsible for poverty. The study also found that the media uses poverty to make sense of catastrophic events in society: the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States and the London riots of 2011 were both anchored using poverty. This paper discusses the representational dynamics of these findings and argues that the media representations distance general society from poverty, representing it as a problem of the other. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.