物质主义者自我概念的特点和相关理论

物质主义的经典研究分别从人格、价值观、目标和需要的角度界定和理解物质主义的相关现象。自我概念一直是贯穿物质主义研究的线索, 但直到最近研究者才试图以它为理论基点统摄与整合已有研究。相关研究表明, 物质主义者对自我的评价较低, 表现为低自尊、权变性自尊; 对自我的认识具有不一致性, 表现为自我概念不清晰、外显-内隐自尊分离、以及自我差距(理想自我与现实自我的差距)。最近出现的两个综合理论——物质主义的自我逃离理论与物质主义的认同目标追求理论提出, 物质主义是个体将物质拥有作为逃避自我的方式或满足自我认同动机的手段。这两个理论弥补了现有物质主义研究缺乏整合性理论的不足。未来研究可以通过借鉴有关自我概念的理论, 超越单纯的物质主义者自我匮乏的思路, 从而做出更大的理论贡献。     

奖赏动机对自动反应抑制的影响

本研究把奖赏线索和目标导向的自动反应抑制范式相结合,来考察奖赏动机对自动反应抑制的影响。结果显示,基线阶段具有nogo颜色的侧翼字母会触发自动反应抑制,产生了反向兼容效应。奖赏阶段,奖赏条件下,go和nogo颜色的侧翼字母对反应时的影响不存在显著差异;非奖赏条件下,nogo颜色侧翼字母会产生更大的抑制效应,两种条件下nogo颜色的侧翼字母均没有引起反向兼容效应。结果表明：奖赏动机对自动反应抑制产生显著的影响,并且能够灵活地改变具有目标属性的侧翼字母的编码方式。     

基于直觉判断的初始信任：启发式线索及影响因素

初始信任是许多重要关系的开端,也是多数研究主要关注的信任形式。缺乏可靠线索的不确定性特征使得初始信任往往依赖于直觉。基于直觉判断的初始信任可从信任者自身和信任对象两方面获取启发式线索,同时还会受到来自个体和情境因素的影响。未来可以进一步深化启发式线索的相关研究、拓展直觉初始信任的影响因素研究,并结合启发式线索和影响因素提高初始信任准确性。     

外强中瘠、虚饰以财?自我威胁情境下异质性高自尊与物质主义的关系

通过3个研究探讨异质性高自尊与物质主义的关系, 以及在自我威胁情境下异质性高自尊与物质主义的关系是否会发生变化。研究1采用问卷法考察异质性高自尊与物质主义的相关关系, 结果发现, 安全高自尊者的物质主义显著低于脆弱高自尊者; 研究2通过要求不同高自尊者与吸引力高/低的同性进行对比操纵自我威胁, 然后测量外显物质主义, 结果发现, 在吸引力威胁情境下, 安全高自尊者的外显物质主义显著低于脆弱高自尊者的外显物质主义; 研究3通过虚拟的智力测验排名反馈操纵自我威胁, 然后测量内隐物质主义。结果发现, 在智力威胁情境下, 安全高自尊者的内隐物质主义显著低于脆弱高自尊者的内隐物质主义。据此可认为, 异质性高自尊既是解开高自尊与物质主义矛盾关系的切入点, 也是瓦解自我威胁与物质主义正向关系的突破口。     

师生之间的动机感染:基于社会认知的视角

师生之间的动机感染是指在课堂情境中动机定向由教师向学生传递的过程.学生对教师行为、情绪和课堂动机气氛等线索的社会知觉是动机感染发生的基础.当前研究中,期望形成模型和教学支持模型从不同角度解释了动机感染的潜在过程.基于社会认知的视角,推测出动机感染的发生机制包含学生无意识的自动的目标感染和有意识的满足基本心理需要两条路径.该机制需要进一步验证.未来研究应关注以下几点:(1)利用质的研究方法拓展研究思路;(2)注重文化和情境等变量在动机感染中的价值;(3)动机感染双向过程的系统研究.     

不同相关线索下海洛因成瘾者的反应差异及反应抑制特征：来自ERP的证据

采用ERP技术, 探究海洛因成瘾者在不同相关线索下的脑电反应及其与冲动性的关系。实验采用组间实验设计和双选择Oddball范式, 要求海洛因成瘾组和健康对照组被试对标准刺激与偏差刺激分别做不同的按键反应, 记录他们的EEG数据。结果发现：相比对照组被试, 海洛因成瘾者在观看药物相关线索时诱发的N2波幅更小, P3波幅更大; 在成瘾组内, 相比用药工具线索, 用药动作线索诱发了更小的N2波幅和更大的P3波幅。这表明海洛因成瘾者对药物相关线索存在反应抑制缺陷, 且不同的药物相关线索会激发海洛因成瘾者不同程度的反应抑制缺陷, 用药动作线索比用药工具线索更大程度地影响成瘾者的反应抑制能力, 反映出更高的动作冲动性。     

教学情境对教师自动情绪调节的影响

基于情境性认知的视角,探索教学情境在教师自动情绪调节中的作用。研究创设教学与生活情境,通过面孔识别任务和点探测任务比较教学和生活情境下教师自动情绪调节效果。结果发现,教学情境下教师对负性情绪面孔识别的正确率更高,但反应时更长;教学情境下教师对负性词汇信息无显著的注意偏向;自动情绪调节下教师的面孔识别速率更高。该结果表明教师由于长期的职业训练,教学情境能作为一种情境线索诱发更良好的自动情绪调节效果,保持更稳定的情感状态,具体表现为更准确、谨慎的面孔识别特征和无显著的负性注意偏向。本研究结果为教师自动情绪调节研究提供一定的参考。     

内部动机与外部动机的关系

内部动机与外部动机的关系问题在20世纪90年代重新成为动机研究的热点。该文综述了内部动机与外部动机关系的实验研究与理论研究状况。认为实验研究经历了外部动机削弱内部动机、外部动机与内部动机共存、外部动机能够对内部动机产生促进作用三个阶段,研究者的心理学立场是造成分歧结果出现的重要原因;不同的理论模式各有所长,尤其是自我决定理论的新进展“有机辨证元理论”中关于需要的阐述是近期动机研究的亮点,在更高层次上实现了对内部动机与外部动机关系的整合。并提出探讨内部动机与外部动机具体成分之间的关系,检验特质状态与情境状态中二者的相互作用,及心理需要对情境与动机的中介机制应当成为未来研究的方向     

准备状态对反应抑制的影响

从事件因素和时间因素两个方面探讨了准备状态对反应抑制的影响。事件准备可降低反应模式的不确定性 ,而时间准备则与降低反应时间的不确定性有关。线索、反应概率以及刺激呈现时间等因素不仅导致反应时间出现变化 ,还可引起反应力、心跳间期以及LRP和CNV等脑电指标发生变化。传统的反应抑制研究以反应时为指标 ,不能揭示反应抑制的内部过程 ,而心理生理学方法能弥补这一缺陷。生理指标与行为指标的结合 ,以及生理指标之间的结合 ,可更有效地探讨准备状态对反应抑制的效应。     

中小学生学业成绩主要影响因素的元分析

基于已有研究,将影响中小学生学业成绩的因素划分为个人因素(动机、自我效能感、成就目标定向)和社会环境因素(父母教养方式、师生关系、同伴关系),并使用多元整合元分析技术对相关文献进行了定性综述和定量分析。研究发现,进入多元整合元分析的六个因素都表现出与学业成绩具有中等程度的相关,其中动机和自我效能感与学业成绩的相关程度最高,父母教养方式与学业成绩的相关程度最低。这一结果表明,教育工作者应重视从学生的个人因素(动机、自我效能感)入手,激发学生对学习的积极准备状态,并重视学校人际关系(同伴关系、师生关系)对学生的影响。     

Confirmatory Search and Asymmetric Dominance

Decision makers use confirmatory search strategies in judgment tasks. As a result of this, their attention towards task‐relevant cues is biased in favor of cues supporting available responses. Changing these responses can alter the cues used in the judgment task and, subsequently, alter beliefs. We use this mechanism to predict and explain the emergence of the asymmetric dominance effect in judgment. In four sets of experiments, we document systematic changes in belief, as dominated options are added to the response set. These effects emerge for a number of naturalistic judgment tasks and are mediated by the increased accessibility of decoy‐supporting cues. Finally, these effects can be eliminated when the decision maker's attention is drawn towards the cues supporting the non‐dominant response. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Virtual reality cue reactivity assessment in cigarette smokers.

Drug craving has purportedly been linked to relapse and to substance use. For over two decades, cue reactivity has been a viable method to assess craving and physiological reactions to drug stimuli. However, traditional cue reactivity has faced the following limitations: austere situations or stimuli, lack of complex cues, lack of standardization, and limited generalization outside of the lab setting. In order to improve cue methodologies, a virtual reality (VR) nicotine cue reactivity assessment system (VR-NCRAS) was developed and tested in a controlled experimental trial. Ten nicotine dependent smokers were exposed to VR smoking cues and VR neutral cues in a standardized, timed, computer controlled experiment. Subjective craving and physiological responses were recorded and compared across VR-NCRAS stimuli. Subjective cigarette craving increased significantly and corresponding physiological reactivity was observed in response to VR smoking cues. VR neutral cues did not result in subjective or physiological changes consistent with craving. Implications of these findings on substance abuse research and treatment are discussed.     

Temporal preparation,response inhibition and impulsivity

Temporal preparation and impulsivity involve overlapping neural structures (prefrontal cortex) and cognitive functions (response inhibition and time perception), however, their interrelations had not been investigated. We studied such interrelations by comparing the performance of groups with low vs. high non-clinical trait impulsivity during a temporal preparation go no-go task. This task measured, in less than 10 min, how response inhibition was influenced both by temporal orienting of attention (guided by predictive temporal cues) and by sequential effects (produced by repetition/alternation of the duration of preparatory intervals in consecutive trials). The results showed that sequential effects produced dissociable patterns of temporal preparation as a function of impulsivity. Sequential effects facilitated both response speed (reaction times – RTs – to the go condition) and response inhibition (false alarms to the no-go condition) selectively in the low impulsivity group. In the high impulsivity group, in contrast, sequential effects only improved RTs but not response inhibition. We concluded that both excitatory and inhibitory processing may be enhanced concurrently by sequential effects, which enables the temporal preparation of fast and controlled responses. Impulsivity could hence be related to less efficient temporal preparation of that inhibitory processing.     

The role of response inhibition in temporal preparation: Evidence from a go/no-go task

During the foreperiod (FP) of a warned reaction task, participants engage in a process of temporal preparation to speed response to the impending target stimulus. Previous neurophysiological studies have shown that inhibition is applied during FP to prevent premature response. Previous behavioral studies have shown that the duration of FP on both the current and the preceding trial codetermine response time to the target. Integrating these findings, the present study tested the hypothesis that the behavioral effects find their origin in response inhibition on the preceding trial. In two experiments the variable-FP paradigm was combined with a go/no-go task, in which no-go stimuli required explicit response inhibition. The resulting data pattern revealed sequential effects of both FP (long or short) and response requirement (go or no-go), which could be jointly understood as expressions of response inhibition, consistent with the hypothesis.     

Inhibition of return in response to gaze cues: The roles of time course and fixation cue

Recent studies have demonstrated that orienting of attention in response to nonpredictive gaze cues arises rapidly and automatically, in a similar fashion to peripheral sudden onset cueing. However, while peripheral cues consistently elicit inhibition of return (IOR) at about 300 ms following cue onset, very little is known about inhibition effects in response to gaze cues. The present experiments systematically examined the conditions under which IOR arises with such cues. Reliable inhibition effects were obtained. Importantly, IOR emerged only at long cue-target intervals and only when a second cue actively triggered attention away from the cued location. This suggests that compared to sudden onset cueing, gaze cueing results in both prolonged facilitation and a delayed onset of inhibition processes. Thus, although both types of cues elicit very similar orienting effects in terms of their basic behavioural outcomes, there are more subtle differences between gaze and peripheral cues with respect to the maintenance and quality of those cueing effects across time.     

Unconscious attentional orienting to exogenous cues: A review of the literature

The present paper reviews research that focuses on the dissociation between bottom-up attention and consciousness. In particular, we focus on studies investigating spatial exogenous orienting in the absence of awareness. We discuss studies that use peripheral masked onset cues and studies that use gaze cueing. The results from these studies show that the classic biphasic pattern of facilitation and inhibition, which is characteristic of conscious exogenous cueing can also be obtained with subliminal spatial cues. It is hypothesized that unconscious attentional orienting is mediated by the subcortical retinotectal pathway. Moreover, a possible neural network including superior colliculus, pulvinar and amygdala is suggested as the underlying mechanism.     

Response expectancy theory and application: A decennial review

Response expectancy is the anticipation of automatic, subjective, and behavioral responses to particular situational cues. More than a decade of research in diverse laboratories indicates that response expectancies are important considerations in designing and administering treatments and prevention programs for such problems as anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse, and sexual dysfunction. Response expectancy also plays a central role in the effects of antidepressive medication, psychotherapy, and hypnosis. In addition, studies of the effects of placebos reveal that response expectancies can produce lasting changes in pain, anxiety, depression, alertness, tension, sexual arousal, alcohol craving and consumption, aggression, asthma, warts, and contact dermatitis. The veracity of many self-reported placebo effects have been corroborated by changes in physiological function.     

冰毒使用者抑制控制的损伤、可逆性及干预策略

冰毒使用的危害日益凸显,受到社会的普遍关注。行为、认知和脑功能的研究结果一致表明:长期的冰毒使用会导致使用者的抑制控制受损,包含一般抑制控制损伤以及药物相关线索条件下的损伤。这些损伤与前额脑区的异常密切相关,对冰毒使用者的行为和认知能力产生不良影响。目前,这些损伤只能部分恢复,因此,改善冰毒使用者抑制控制的干预策略成为热点。未来研究可以从不同药物成瘾者的差异性、多药物使用模式以及有区别的运动干预等方面对冰毒使用者的抑制控制损伤进行深入研究。     

药物成瘾者相关线索反应的自动化用药行为特征及其消退

采用ERP技术考察海洛因成瘾者相关线索下的用药行为的性质和神经机制, 在此基础上结合虚拟现实技术(VR)和途径偏向矫正训练(AAT), 探究基于“相关线索-习惯性用药”联结的自动化用药行为的动作消退、替代训练的有效性。研究发现, (1)相比对照线索, 成瘾者在相关线索下的反应时更长, N1波幅更小, N1潜伏期更短; 相比对照组被试, 成瘾者在相关线索下的行为任务的正确率更低, 反应时更长, N1波幅更小; N1波幅的组间组内差异和潜伏期的组内差异主要集中在中央区。(2)结合VR技术的途径偏向矫正训练后, 训练组被试的生理指标和途径偏向系数显著降低, 且显著低于对照组被试; 追踪测试中, 训练组被试的分数显著低于对照组。这表明相关线索下成瘾者的用药行为具有自动化、无意识的性质, 感觉运动区N1的异常活动是其神经机制之一。VR提取用药动作记忆-AAT消退替代训练, 可以有效削弱或消退成瘾者的成瘾动作倾向, 而且训练效果持续性较好, 可达到减少或停止现实情境中的用药和复吸行为的目的。     

Judgments of Sexual Harassment Court Case Summaries

Understanding third-person judgments of sexual harassment is important because of their role in bystander intervention, popular opinion, and perhaps even labeling experiences as harassment. We employed Brunswikian principles of representative design (sampling from natural environments and allowing environmental factors influencing judgments to intercorrelate) and multiple regression plus relative weight analyses to examine judgments about summaries of actual U.S. sexual harassment court cases. Potential factors influencing judgments (cues) were identified and coded by raters. Results suggest that naturally occurring cues were intercorrelated to some extent, and people use different aspects of these rich situations to make judgments. We also found that some less-studied cues (i.e., target's withdrawal from the workplace, number of incidents) are more important than that the previous research would suggest, while some often-studied cues (i.e., status of the harasser, target's response to the harasser) are less important. Participants overall used very few cues, even when many were available. Future research should employ Brunswik's representative design to use more realistic scenarios that allow for intercorrelated, naturally occurring cues. Especially if results can be replicated, theories about how judgments of sexual harassment are made can be developed that reflect the complex realities of sexual harassment judgments that our study revealed. Representative design could also be employed to help theory development in other scenario-based areas of organizational research. Ours is the first study of judgments of sexual harassment that used a Brunswikian approach to study actual court case summaries. This has allowed for a unique examination of this complicated phenomenon.