为什么说法家的“法治”是人治的一种表现形式

由于儒家德治思想与德政方略 ,使得人们通常将德治与人治相提并论 ,简单地把法治视为人治的天然对立物。然而 ,历史上的情况却没有这样简单 ,法家主张的“法治” ,就不是人治的天然对立物 ,而是人治的一种表现形式。法家的法治本意 ,是有“法治”而无“法制” ,是君王一人的“法治” ,而不是全社会的“法制”。     

儒家德治思想的现代价值转化

推进国家治理体系与治理能力现代化是近年来我国公共管理领域的一场深刻变革。在这一进程中,儒家德治思想与治理逻辑有着内在共通之处。儒家倡导的民本、官德、家风、中庸等思想,借助于适宜的转换路径,对当代治理体系的构建依然具有积极的意义与价值。传统观点往往将儒家德治主义局限在对统治者的道德修养提出要求,忽略了儒家德治主义的核心是以统治者为表率,进而促进天下百姓的道德修炼。     

先秦儒家政治思想简论

先秦儒家政治思想简论林存光孔子创立的儒家学派,其政治思想以伦理道德为中心,即为谋求整顿世界秩序而倡导一种政治上的＂德政＂、＂人治＂,以期在终极的普遍性意义上解决现实社会政治生活中存在或发生的种种具体问题,特别是＂礼坏乐崩＂之文化的失范。从其内在思维理...     

“卡里斯玛”崇拜与中国古代“德治

“谁”来实行“德治”、“谁”才能实行“德治”?围绕着这一问题,文章从韦伯的统治结构“三类型”说切入,论述了儒家的“卡里斯玛”崇拜及其与“德治”思想的关系。认为中国古代“德治”是以“卡里斯玛”崇拜为特征的“德治”,即“圣王”-“德治”。儒家寄希望于“卡里斯玛”式“圣王”来实现“民本”-“德治”-“邦宁”的“德治”理想。然而,这在“传统型”的君主制政体下是不可能真正和全面实现的。文章还分析了儒家“德治”思想的历史影响,指出除了给君主以“卡里斯玛”光环和一定程度上对君主有规范作用,唯有“德治”思想体系中的“德教”产生了实在的重大影响。     

中西方德治思想比较研究

德治与法治作为两种治国模式或治国理念 ,中西方古已有之。只是由于积淀了太多的历史污垢 ,又值现代社会结构的转型和重组 ,人们自觉不自觉地忽略或放弃了对传统德治思想的合理批判和文明传承。对人类历史留给我们的丰厚治国思想遗产进行比较甄别 ,是现代德治获得历史文化合理性支持的必要路径。本文拟从德治思想内涵、德治与法治关系、德治的文化差异等方面对中西方德治思想进行比较研究。     

儒家德政思想的理论逻辑

正自孔孟肇始,如何构建理想的道德化政治秩序成为儒学致力探讨的一大主题,并形成了儒家特有的"德政"思想。传统儒家德政思想内涵丰富,对"谁来执政"(君子群体与圣王)、"如何执政"(为政以德)、"执政状态"("居其所而众星共之"的圣王气象)等一系列政治问题进行了回答。"性善论"作为一种美好的"人性期待",是儒家德政思想的逻辑起点。儒学对"人性"问题的总的立场以及对"人性"发展的理想期待是"善",     

孔、孟与管子德治思想之比较

孔子和孟子是先秦儒家最重要的代表人物,他们的思想中都有着丰富的德治内容。管子虽是早期法家的代表,但思想中同样具有德治的内容。孔、孟与管子在德治思想上有着很大的相似性,在惠民爱民、正名、正身率下、以民为本、善政措施、选贤任能等方面有着诸多的一致之处。但出于各自学派的立场,孔、孟与管子在德治与法治的关系、德治的目标与特征、德治的人性论的出发点等方面也存在着差异。     

说"人治"

人治是古代特别是儒家的政治思想主张,其基本思想旨趣是对于贤人治政的伦理诉求.人治并不排斥法治.将人治与法治对立起来的是法家,尤其是表现于战国中、后期慎到、韩非的倡导重势和反对尊贤.人治作为一种政治现象和政治思想学说在人类社会发展的一定历史时期具有普遍性,对其历史作用应作具体分析.批判其历史的、阶级的局限性,吸取和借鉴其合理因素,是政治学和伦理学研究的一个不宜忽视的任务.     

《管子》德治思想论析

《管子》书是齐法家的代表作品,与三晋法家鼓吹严刑酷法不同的是,它除了主张法治之外,对道德教化也给予了足够的重视,在某种程度上表现出对儒家德治思想的认同。对《管子》中的德治思想的内容及相应的德治措施进行归纳总结,将有利于对《管子》作出全面的评价。     

礼治是人治与法治的调和

礼在儒家的思想体系中,不仅是为人处世修身立德的规范,更是国家的根本意识形态,故儒家社会思想实以礼治为本。自周公以来,儒家的思想就是以道统制衡政统。后世不少人误解认为儒家的礼治是一种人治,缺少现代社会的法治精神。其实任何一种管理,都不可能脱离人治,也不能完全依靠法治。本文通过分析儒家的理论和治国实践,指出儒家的礼治是人治与法治的调和,是一种高级的管理方式和一种国家根本意识形态。秦代是中国历史上法治的巅峰,然而造成了人民没有自由,社会风气堕落,迅速灭亡。民主有其与生俱来的平等主义的缺陷,西方社会的长治久安,也并不仅仅是靠法治,更有隐微的也更基础的人治成分,而对于当代中国而言,儒家重分别、尚节制的礼的精神,以及附丽其上的礼治,是抵抗民主滑向多数的暴政、法治流于机械无情的最好的堤防。     

现代伦理学:在康德与卢梭之间

本文为纪念康德逝世 2 0 0周年而作 ,反省的主要问题是现代意义上的各种伦理学的核心形态可能是什么。文章分析了康德所受卢梭影响的性质 ,以及两者之间仍然存在的巨大差别 ,指出现代意义上的规范伦理学的基本位置大致还是处在康德与卢梭之间。     

Terrified by suffering,tormented by pain*

Ferenczi’s understanding of the primitive defenses required to cope with trauma, such as introjection, identification with the aggressor, atomization and reckoning, supports the author’s clinical observations of patients who introject a pain mother. Introjecting a pain mother assures that the terrorism of the original external event of a suffering mother keeps the internal suffering going, resulting in being tormented by pain. Such an introjection creates technical difficulties for the analyst. A clinical case is presented to demonstrate.     

Depth capture by kinetic depth and by stereopsis

The perceived depth of regions within a stereogram lacking explicit disparity information can be captured by the surface structure of regions where disparity is explicit: stereo capture. In two experiments, observers estimated surface curvature/depth of an untextured object (a 'ribbon') superimposed on a cylinder textured with dots, the cylinder curvature being defined by disparity (stereo depth) or by motion parallax (kinetic depth: KD). With the stereo-defined cylinder, depth capture was obtained under conditions where the disparity of the ribbon was ambiguous; with the KD, cylinder depth capture was obtained under conditions where the motion flow of the cylinder was in a direction parallel to that of the ribbon. These results demonstrate yet another similarity between KD and stereopsis.     

既无“天谴”，亦无“天佑”

人们在面对不可抗拒的巨大的自然灾害时,总有一种无奈和无助之感,这时社会上最易出现各种迷信说法。“天谴”说和“天佑”说可以算是很有代表性的言论。到底如何看待自然灾害,它们与“天谴”和“天佑”有何关系？本方将从历史和文化及无神论的角度对上述问题进行分析。     

Response decrements produced by extinction and by response-independent reinforcement

The effects of extinction and of response-independent (free) reinforcement in decreasing rates of key pecking by pigeons were compared in single schedule (Phase 1) and multiple (Phase 2) conditions. In both phases, response rates decreased more rapidly with extinction than with free reinforcement conditions. Behavioral contrast was obtained from subjects trained in a multiple schedule involving extinction in Phase 2, whereas subjects trained in a multiple schedule involving free reinforcement showed a slight negative induction effect. Whether subjects experienced extinction or free reinforcement under single stimulus conditions did not affect subsequent performance in the discrimination situation of the second phase. Disinhibition testing was carried out at the end of both phases, but there was no evidence for disinhibitory effects under any condition.     

The perception of emotions by ear and by eye

Emotions are expressed in the voice as well as on the face. As a first step to explore the question of their integration, we used a bimodal perception situation modelled after the McGurk paradigm, in which varying degrees of discordance can be created between the affects expressed in a face and in a tone of voice. Experiment 1 showed that subjects can effectively combine information from the two sources, in that identification of the emotion in the face is biased in the direction of the simultaneously presented tone of voice. Experiment 2 showed that this effect occurs also under instructions to base the judgement exclusively on the face. Experiment 3 showed the reverse effect, a bias from the emotion in the face on judgement of the emotion in the voice. These results strongly suggest the existence of mandatory bidirectional links between affect detection structures in vision and audition.     

Organization revealed by recall orders and confirmed by pauses

The technique introduced here induces the organization of information in memory from systematic inspection of regularities in free recall. The form of the representation of this organization is an “ordered tree.” The technique has the advantage of being based on a theory of the way in which the data were generated and can be shown to produce a unique structure that captures all the kinds of regularities the theory of recall prescribes. Also presented is a collateral technique for measuring the amount of organization evidenced in a struture, as well as a procedure for identifying errors. The experimental work shows the technique's ability to recover the details of an organization presented to subjects and provides converging evidence for the particular structures induced from the pattern of recall pauses. In addition, the application of the technique to structures unknown a priori produced organizations that were easy to interpret and a second set of pauses that further confirmed the details of the induced structures.