正义的战争与战争的正义——关于战争伦理的反思

战争可以定义为两个或两个以上的国家间的有组织的政治暴力。根据战争的目的、过程和结果,战争伦理大致包括“战争权利伦理”、“战争行为伦理”和“战争责任伦理”三个方面。在战争伦理中最重要的是所谓“正义”问题。“正义”与“非正义”这对概念并非规定战争的客观性质,而是一种煽动人们拥战或反战热情的主观态度和伦理立场的表达。     

Legacies of War: Asian American Women and War Trauma

ABSTRACT

Although Asian Americans are diverse in many ways, such as language, culture, ethnicity, religion, generational status, and more, many share a common experience: that of having experienced war first hand or being progeny of war survivors. World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Cambodian genocide, along with centuries of oppressive and authoritarian rule, have brought experiences of trauma, directly and historically, to the lives of many Asians. Subsequent experiences of migration and resettlement, as well as life in the United States as an ethnic minority, have also compounded the layers of oppression for many Asian Americans. Sexism in our cultures of origin, as well as sexism in the U.S., represents additional realities and traumas faced by Asian American women. In this article, we explore the experiences of war and subsequent traumas in the lives of Asian American women. We present a brief review of the current state of mental health as it relates to the experiences of war trauma, with the goal of providing a crucial contextual backdrop for our review of the best practices in mental health services to Asian American women. We review some of the best practices and conclude with a narrative reflection based on our own involvement in a small professional women’s group that yielded insights, discoveries, healing, and empowerment from the legacy of war trauma.     

甲午战争、日俄战争中的日本净土真宗

通过明治维新,日本历史由封建社会过渡到近代资本主义社会。20世纪初,以天皇为首的地主资产阶级政权进入帝国主义阶段。日本帝国主义是带有军事封建性质的帝国主义,对内实行残酷的封建主义和资本主义双重压迫和剥削,对外进行侵略扩张,在对中国、朝鲜和其他国家发动的野蛮的侵略战争中犯下了累累罪行。在近代历史的转变过程中,日本佛教也由江户时期的“准国教”下降为神道教的附庸。面对局势的变化和自身地位的衰落,佛教界也开始谋求新的出路。从总体上看,20世纪前半叶日本佛教的绝大部分宗派都积极追随军国主义政府,提倡迎合统治者需要的“…     

Deliberating Just War

This essay responds to James Turner Johnson's critiques of my argument in “‘Never Again War’: Recent Shifts in the Roman Catholic Just War Tradition and the Question of ‘Functional Pacifism.’” (2014). It attends specifically to three of Johnson's objections and offers accounts of the meaning and use of the term “functional pacifism,” an understanding of classic just war thought as a tradition, and the concepts of peace and authority within just war and pacifist thought. It argues that my analysis of the Catholic Church's movement toward pacifism but ultimate theological inability to embrace a functional pacifism still stands in spite of Johnson's critiques. In addition, it suggests that Johnson offers a thin pacifistic conception of peace and promotes a restricted notion of ecclesial authority and democratic government.     

Just War Moralities

This essay discusses four recent books on the Western, and one book on the classical Chinese, traditions of just war. It concentrates on the jus ad bellum moral criteria (legitimate authority, just cause, and right intention), giving attention to the centrality of the state in just war morality, to some challenges in reconceptualizing the jus ad bellum in the context of non‐state agents, and to controversies over a “presumption against war.”     

War and poverty

Philosophical Studies - Because the poorest people tend to die from easily preventable diseases, addressing poverty is a relatively cheap way to save lives. War, by contrast, is extremely...     

论宗教与战争

宗教与战争都是一定社会历史阶段的产物。在一定社会历史条件下,一方面宗教可以影响战争的爆发和战争的领导者、参与者乃至进程与结果;另一方面,战争有时也能影响宗教的传播和兴衰。由于世界宗教的多样性、世界各国民族历史上社会政治制度发展的差异性以及战争背景的复杂性,使宗教与战争的关系变得更加错综复杂。本文透过大量的宗教与战争的历史现象,尝试对二者的复杂关系作出一种探索和阐释。