个体解决三项系列问题的心理模型

该研究设计了2种实验条件,对360名6-19岁个体解决三项系列问题的能力发展进行了研究,旨在讨论个体解决三项系列问题的心理模型的发展问题,结果表明：(1)6-19岁个体对三项系列问题中有必然逻辑答案的题目的判断能力的发展速度比较平稳;(2)个体对三项系列问题中有必然逻辑答案的题目的判断能力先于对没有逻辑答案的题目,6-9岁个体对三项系列问题中没有必然逻辑答案的题目的判断能力的发展速度低于10岁以后的个体;(3)空间模型、语义模型、语义一空间混合模型和枢纽项比较模型是相互补充的,是在不同认知发展阶段依一定次序,按一定的阶段逐渐形成的,经历了5个不同的发展阶段,最终形成以枢纽项比较模型为核心、四种心理模型并存于个体的心理结构之中的复合模型。     

THE USE OF COHESION BY UNDERACHIEVING READERS

A sample of 18 Grade 6 male poor readers was assigned to one of two expository passages to read aloud. Miscues were analyzed according to the RMI system of Goodman and Burke. A comparison was made of miscues on cohesive items with miscues in general. Readers were also asked to recall the passage. Recall protocols were scored for central and peripheral elements based upon a cohesion map of the recall. An ANOVA indicated no differences between passages, but showed that students made miscue responses to cohesive items which were less similar graphically and phonoloqically to the target words than the errors made in general. Also they lost meaning and syntax more frequently on cohesive items. Recall of central items was poor. Overall recall was related to the grammatical relationships and meaning relationships aspects of the RMI analysis. Inability to use cohesion appears to adversely affect recall. The semantic aspect of cohesion appears worthy of further research as it affects comprehension and recall.     

表象建构的面积评估

通过视觉或触觉给被试呈现完整的三角形,或呈现构成一个三角形所必要而又充分的一组部件以在表象上形成一个三角形,并评估其大小。结果发现,被试在表象中利用部件建构起来的三角形面积的增长,与实际知觉的三角形一样,均遵从幂函数定律,且幂函数指数均小于１,显示出表象与知觉的机能等价。     

THE ENHANCEMENT OF BEHAVIOR MODELING TRAINING OF SUPERVISORY SKILLS BY THE INCLUSION OF RETENTION PROCESSES

Twenty-four first-line supervisors were randomly assigned to two behavior modeling workshops. The training was designed to improve the supervisors' skills in coaching and handling employee complaints. One workshop included both formalized symbolic coding and symbolic rehearsal processes (experimental group) and one did not (control group). Trainee reaction to the training did not differ between groups; however, generalization of observational learning to a novel context was significantly better in the experimental group. The results of this field study replicated Decker's (1980) laboratory results showing the efficacy of formalized retention processes over any retention processes performed by trainees spontaneously. The implications of this line of research are discussed as well as future research needs.     

DETECTION OF THE VELOCITY OF MOVEMENT OF VISUAL STIMULI BY PIGEONS

Nine pigeons were trained to discriminate a moving stimulus from a stationary stimulus. In one experiment, the stimulus was a rotating disc with radial stripes. In a second experiment, the stimulus was a vertically moving film strip with horizontal bars. Several psychophysical procedures were used to determine the minimal detectable velocity of movement. The detection thresholds for most of the pigeons fell in the range of 4.4 to 6.5 millimeters per second, corresponding to a retinal velocity of 4.1 to 6.01 degrees per second. A signal detection analysis of the psychophysical data indicated systematic changes in response bias that were related to the ordinal position of the stimulus velocity in the sequence.     

DIFFERENTIATION OF PSYCHOTIC SUBJECTS BY MEANS OF THE META-CONTRAST TECHNIQUE

S mith , G. J. W. Differentiation of psychotic subjects by means of the metacontrast technique. Scad. J. Psychol ., 1968, 9, 3–44.—Sixtyeight psychotic patients tested with the meta-contrast technique (MCT) were divided in six sub-groups according to focal symptoms. Many sub-groups clearly differed with respect to MCT results. In the schizophrenic groups serial discontinuity due to regression was particularly prominent; in the paranoid, non-schizophrenic groups, marked subliminal influence on the frame percept plus other signs of projection. The meaning of psychotic color responses to black-and-white stimuli was also discussed.     

系统脱敏法治疗大鼠恐怖症研究

系统脱敏法对矫治恐怖症的行为障碍具有良好的效果,但是对伴随恐怖症同时存在的生理、生化方面的病态反应的治疗未见报告。实验中采用噪音逐步递增的方法使大鼠慢慢适应,分别测量治疗过程中大鼠惊恐、焦虑性行为、生理行为、生化等方面的变化。结果表明：系统脱敏法不仅有效地矫治大鼠的变态行为,对生物学方面具有明显的疗效,而且可以提高动物的应激适应能力。     

利用反诱导消除McCollough效应

ＭｃＣｏｌｌｏｕｇｈ效应在完全黑暗和自然视觉条件下的消退过程很缓慢,而利用同频补色条栅来进行反诱导,能在十几分钟内消除显色效应。消除所用时间与反诱导条栅的亮度、颜色和栅条间距（空间频率）有关。进一步说明导致ＭｃＣｏｌｌｏｕｇｈ效应恢复平衡的主要因素跟网膜刺激方式有关。     

利用反诱导消除McCollough效应

ＭｃＣｏｌｌｏｕｇｈ效应在完全黑暗和自然视觉条件下的消退过程很缓慢,而利用同频补色条栅来进行反诱导,能在十几分钟内消除显色效应。消除所用时间与反诱导条栅的亮度、颜色和栅条间距（空间频率）有关。进一步说明导致ＭｃＣｏｌｌｏｕｇｈ效应恢复平衡的主要因素跟网膜刺激方式有关。     

THE DISCRIMINATION OF STIMULUS DURATION BY PIGEONS1

Pigeons were trained to discriminate the duration of a stimulus. One response in a psychophysical choice situation was reinforced, given the immediately prior presentation of a stimulus duration in one class of durations called short durations, and the other response was reinforced given the immediately prior presentation of a stimulus duration in a second class called long durations. Durations of equal logarithmic difference from the cutoff, whether in the short or long class, yielded equal accuracy. Accuracy was a function not only of the properties of the stimuli to be discriminated, but also of the experimental contingencies used. Accuracy was greater in variable-ratio than in fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement of the discriminative responses, and was lower at the beginning than later in individual fixed ratios. Proportion of short or long responses (response bias) was affected by sequential dependencies among long and short durations and was effectively controlled through the use of asymmetric reinforcement and fixed-ratio contingencies.     

THE DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY OF SCALES DEVELOPED BY RETRANSLATION

The retranslation procedure is designed to yield unambiguous sets of behaviors exemplifying conceptually important and distinct performance dimensions. Previous research has shown that dimensions developed with the retranslation procedure possess only low to moderate discriminant validity. This study proposed a multiple-group factor analysis of the scaled behavioral examples for improving the discriminant validity of retranslation dimensions. Multitrait-multimethod analyses of actual ratings indicated that the factor-analytic procedure led to an improvement in discriminant validity. Nonetheless, the amount of discriminant validity possessed by the dimensions was still low. Several suggestions were made for further improving the discriminant validity of dimensions developed with the retranslation procedure.     

交感神经系统在应激免疫调节中的作用

目前,越来越多的研究资料表明交感神经系统(SNS)参与了应激的免疫调节作用。有关研究主要集中在SNS与免疫系统间的解剖基础及相互作用、SNS参与应激的免疫调节作用的实验研究以及SNS与下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴（HPA）间的相互作用等几个方面。综合阐述这些研究结果,并着重分析SNS、应激与免疫系统间的相互作用及其机制     

WARMED BY THE FIRES OF THE UNCONSCIOUS OR BURNED TO A CRISP

In this paper I talk about the relationship or link between unconscious and conscious material. When the link is optimal we are warmed by the fires of the unconscious so that what we say and do has meaning—it is alive. When the link between conscious and unconscious is too close we are in danger of being burned to a crisp. The present is the past and the world of consensual reality pales in comparison to the emotionally charged unconscious fantasy pressing for discharge. An extended case vignette is used to illustrate the links between past and present as they unfold in a patient’s life and between analyst and patient.     

一年级学生理解应用题的思维过程及其特点

問題 在小学数学教学中,应用題教学是具有重要意义的。学习应用題既能帮助儿童更好地掌握基本数学概念,培养儿童运用計算技巧解决实际問題的能力,同时也是发展儿童邏輯思維的手段。所以培养儿童解答应用題的能力是小学数学教学中重要的一环。 解答应用題是一种复杂的智力活动。儿童的語文水平、运算技巧虽然对解答应用題有一定的影响,但是解答应用題的先决条件是儿童了解組成題目的数量間的联系及相依关系。在教学中常常发現有些儿童虽然能机械地指出題目中的条件与問題,但不知道問