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Research has shown that age-related changes in cognitive performance are due mostly to the decline of general factors such as working memory and inhibition. The present study is aimed at investigating age-related changes in these mechanisms across the adult life-span from 20 to 86 years of age. Results indicate a linear relationship between each working memory measure and age, independently of the nature of the task, and a quadratic relationship between the single inhibitory measures and age. Moreover, hierarchical regression analyses show that inhibition accounts for a significant, but modest, part of the age-related variance in working memory. Taken together, these results suggest that inhibition is not as crucial a contributor of age-related changes in the functional capacity of working memory across the adult life-span as previously thought. 相似文献
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Julie A. Dumas Marilyn Hartman 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(3):330-357
ABSTRACT This study examined age differences in working memory using a delayed-matching-to-sample (DMTS) task. Based on the inhibitory decline hypothesis, which posits that older adults are more susceptible to interference, age differences were expected to be greater for older adults when irrelevant information was present during encoding. Two experiments tested both the access and deletion functions of inhibition. In both experiments, performance was equated for older and younger participants on a no-interference version of the DMTS task to control for age differences in encoding information into working memory. Results consistently showed equivalent effects of distraction for older and younger adults regardless of the difficulty of the perceptual discrimination of targets and distractors, the degree of processing of the distractors, or the semantic relationship between targets and distractors. These results support theories that propose age differences in encoding to explain age differences in working memory, and are inconsistent with theories that propose that older adults are more susceptible to interference than younger adults. 相似文献
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Jennifer McCabe Marilyn Hartman 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(5):574-600
ABSTRACT Two experiments examined age differences in mechanisms hypothesized to affect activation of item and temporal information in working memory. Activation levels were inferred from the ability to reject n-back lures matching items in different temporal positions. Information with the least decay had a performance advantage over less recent information, but was susceptible to the same temporal context errors found in all adjacent-to-target lure positions. Lures most distant from the current item showed a performance rebound. The pattern of increased magnitudes of age effects at adjacent-to-target positions indicated a reduction in older adults' working memory for temporal context information above and beyond item memory declines. Results overall support the emphasis on context information as a critical factor in working memory and cognitive aging. 相似文献
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Karen L. Campbell 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(6):745-763
ABSTRACT The present study examined whether external support and practice could reduce age differences in oculomotor control. Participants were to avoid fixating an abrupt onset and on some trials, were provided with a predictive cue regarding the onset location or identity. Older adults demonstrated more capture than younger adults, but both groups improved with practice. Whereas the older group benefited from a location preview (Experiment 1), neither group showed less capture when given a preview of the onset object itself (Experiment 2), suggesting that location-based inhibition, but not object-based inhibition, was sufficient to support oculomotor control within this paradigm. To test the generalizability of these skills, displays in a final block were manipulated such that the onset could appear in a different location or be a different object altogether. Viewing patterns were similar for changed vs. unchanged displays, suggesting that participants' practice-related gains could withstand a change in the task materials. 相似文献
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Kristen M. Kennedy Ty Partridge 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(2):165-183
ABSTRACT Aging is associated with reduced performance on information processing speed, memory, and executive functions tasks. Although older adults are also less apt in acquiring new perceptual-motor skills, it is unclear whether and how skill acquisition difficulties are associated with age-related general cognitive differences. We addressed this question by examining structural relations among measures of cognitive resources (working memory) and indices of perceptual-motor skill acquisition (pursuit rotor and mirror tracing) in 96 healthy adults aged 19–80 years of age. Three competing structural models were tested: a single (common) factor model, a dual correlated factors model, and a hierarchical dual-factor model. The third model provided the best fit to the data, indicating age differences in simple perceptual-motor skill are partially mediated by more complex abilities. 相似文献
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Christopher B. Rosnick Brent J. Small Amy Borenstein Graves James A. Mortimer 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(1):89-99
In the present study, the relationship between self-reports and objective measures of health status and measures of cognitive performance was examined. Participants consisted of 437 persons (M =72.91 years) from the Charlotte County Healthy Aging Study, a population-based sample of older adults. Cognitive performance was assessed by tests of episodic memory, perceptual speed, and attention. Health status was indexed by subjective ratings, self-reports, and objective measures. The health measures accounted for significant variance on both the Trailmaking A and B tests, accounting for a modest amount of variance (4.4% and 1.1%, respectively). The health measures were not significantly associated with performance on the measures of attention or episodic memory. The results suggest that health status is associated with processing speed to a greater degree than higher order cognitive processes. 相似文献
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Joukje M. Oosterman Barbera van Harten Henry C. Weinstein Philip Scheltens Joseph A. Sergeant Erik J.A. Scherder 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(3):384-399
ABSTRACT White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are commonly observed in elderly people and may have the most profound effect on executive functions, including working memory. Surprisingly, the Digit Span backward, a frequently employed working memory task, reveals no association with WMH. In the present study, it was investigated whether more detailed analyses of WMH variables and study sample selection are important when establishing a possible relationship between the Digit Span backward and WMH. To accomplish this, the Digit Span backward and additional working memory tests, WMH subscores, and cardiovascular risk factors were examined. The results revealed that performance on the Digit Span backward test is unrelated to WMH, whereas a relationship between other working memory tests and WMH was confirmed. Furthermore, a division between several white matter regions seems important; hyperintensities in the frontal deep white matter regions were the strongest predictor of working memory performance. 相似文献
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Karen Z. H. Li Mervin Blair Virginia S. M. Chow 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(3):270-295
ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to examine possible sources of age-related decline in sequential performance: age differences in sequence representation, retrieval of sequence elements, and efficiency of inhibitory processes. Healthy young and older participants learned a sequence of eight animal drawings in fixed order, then monitored for these targets within trials of mis-ordered stimuli, responding only when targets were shown in the correct order. Responses were slower for odd numbered targets, suggesting that participants spontaneously organized the sequence in two-element chunks. Perseverations (responses to previously relevant targets) served as an index of inhibitory inefficiency. Efficiency of chunk retrieval and self-inhibition were lower for older than for younger adults. Increasing environmental support in Experiment 2 through overt articulation of current chunk elements showed a pattern of results similar to Experiment 1, with particular benefit for older adults. The findings suggest an underlying susceptibility to interference in old age. 相似文献
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Zaira Cattaneo Ela Bhatt Lotfi B. Merabet Alfredo Pece Tomaso Vecchi 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(6):687-702
ABSTRACT To investigate the relationship between visual acuity and cognitive function with aging, we compared low-vision and normally-sighted young and elderly individuals on a spatial working memory (WM) task. The task required subjects to memorise target locations on different matrices after perceiving them visually or haptically. The haptic modality was included as a control to look at the effect of aging on memory without the confounding effect of visual deficit. Overall, age and visual status did not interact to affect WM accuracy, suggesting that age does not exaggerate the effects of visual deprivation. Young participants performed better than the elderly only when the task required more operational processes (i.e., integration of information). Sighted participants outperformed the visually impaired regardless of testing modality suggesting that the effect of the visual deficit is not confined to only the most peripheral levels of information processing. These findings suggest that vision, being the primary sensory modality, tends to shape the general supramodal mechanisms of memory. 相似文献
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Research has shown that adults can engage in cognitive offloading, whereby internal processes are offloaded onto the environment to help task performance. Here, we investigate an application of this approach with children, in particular children with poor working memory. Participants were required to remember and recall sequences of colors by placing colored blocks in the correct serial order. In one condition the blocks were arranged to facilitate cognitive offloading (i.e., grouped by color), whereas in the other condition they were arranged randomly. Across two experiments (total N = 166) the ordered condition improved task performance for children with low working memory ability. In addition, participants in Experiment 2 rated the difficulty of the two arrangements and performed a further condition in which they were given an opportunity to freely arrange the blocks before completing the task. Despite performing better in the ordered condition, children with low working memory ability did not rate the ordered arrangement as easier, nor did they choose an ordered arrangement when given the opportunity to do so. This research shows that cognitive offloading can also be a useful process in populations other than typical adults, and the implications of this work for supporting children with poor working memory are discussed. 相似文献
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In this paper, we describe the development of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). We trace the history of sorting tasks from the studies of Narziss Ach on the psychology of thinking, via the work of Kurt Goldstein and Adhémar Gelb on brain lesioned patients around 1920 and subsequent developments, up to the actual design of the WCST by Harry Harlow, David Grant, and their student Esther Berg. The WCST thus seems to originate from the psychology of thinking ('Denkpsychologie'), but the test, as it is used in clinical neuropsychological practice, was designed by experimenters working within the behaviorist tradition. We also note recent developments suggesting that, contrary to the general impression, implicit learning may play a role in WCST-like discrimination learning tasks. 相似文献
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The ability to retain and manipulate information for brief periods of time is crucial for proficient cognitive functioning
but working memory (WM) is susceptible to disruption by irrelevant speech. Music may also be detrimental, but its impact on
WM is not clear. This study assessed the effects of vocal music, equivalent instrumental music, and irrelevant speech on WM
in order to clarify what aspect of music affects performance and the degree of impairment. To study this, 60 college students
completed WM tests (digit span) in the presence of irrelevant speech, vocal music, instrumental (karaoke) versions of the
vocal music, and silence. As expected, both speech and vocal music degraded performance. WM performance with instrumental
music was better than with vocal music but not significantly different from either silence or speech. Familiarity with song
lyrics had little effect on performance. People were poor judges of the degree of memory impairment resulting from various
irrelevant sounds.
This study was reviewed and approved by the Clemson University Institutional Review Board. 相似文献
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Roy P. C. Kessels Olga Meulenbroek Guillén Fernández Marcel G. M. Olde Rikkert 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(5):556-574
ABSTRACT Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is characterized by episodic memory deficits, while aspects of working memory may also be implicated, but studies into this latter domain are scarce and results are inconclusive. Using a computerized search paradigm, this study compares 25 young adults, 25 typically aging older adults and 15 amnestic MCI patients as to their working-memory capacities for object-location information and potential differential effects of memory load and additional context cues. An age-related deficit in visuospatial working-memory maintenance was found that became more pronounced with increasing task demands. The MCI group additionally showed reduced maintenance of bound information, i.e., object-location associations, again especially at elevated memory load. No effects of contextual cueing were found. The current findings indicate that working memory should be considered when screening patients for suspected MCI and monitoring its progression. 相似文献
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