东西方儿童对友谊关系中的道德推理发展的跨文化研究

该研究以友谊许诺为主题的两难故事分别对冰岛(雷克雅未克市)和中国(北京市)7～15岁的儿童做个别访谈,比较研究了东西方文化儿童在友谊矛盾冲突情景中是如何做出行动决定选择和道德评价的。研究结果揭示了不同文化及与年龄相联系的社会认知能力对有关发展的影响。     

WHO CARES? THE EFFECT OF GENDER AND CONTEXT ON THE SELF AND MORAL REASONING

Theorists suggest that gender differences in moral reasoning are due to differences in the self-concept, with women feeling connected to others and using a care approach, whereas men feel separate from others and adopt a justice approach. Using a self-categorization analysis, the current research suggests that the nature of the self–other relationship, rather than gender, predicts moral reasoning. Study 1 found moral reasoning to be dependent upon the social distance between the self and others, with a care-based approach more likely when interacting with a friend than a stranger. Study 2 suggests that when individuals see others as ingroup members they are more likely to utilize care-based moral reasoning than when others are seen as outgroup members. Further, traditional gender differences in moral reasoning were found only when gender was made salient. These studies suggest that both the self and moral reasoning are better conceptualized as fluid and context dependent.     

THE PLACE OF FAITH IN A WORLD OF FACT

Abstract. The relation of religion and science is presented in terms of the interrelationship of domains generated within a reflexive real world concept by status assignment. The domain of religion is articulated by the concepts of ultimacy, totality, and eternity, which are boundary conditions on all status assignments. The domain of science is a status assignment, that of determining the facts and constraints of the real world, and is articulated by the concepts of empiricism, objectivity, and order. The interrelationship of domains is illustrated by examining the concepts of order, disorder, entropy, evil, freedom, creation, and resurrection.     

THE MORAL SIGNIFICANCE OF GRATITUDE IN KANT'S ETHICS

In this essay, we examine the grounds, nature and content, status, acquisition and role, and justification of gratitude in Kant's ethical system, making use of student notes from Kant's lectures on ethics. We are especially interested in questions about the significance of gratitude in Kant's ethics. We examine Kant's claim that gratitude is a sacred duty, because it cannot be discharged, and explain how this claim is consistent with his insistence that “ought” implies “can.” We argue that for Kant a proper understanding of self‐esteem is importantly related to, if not necessary for, possession of the virtue of gratitude.     

INTERPLAY OF VALUES IN THE FUNCTIONING OF INDIAN ORGANIZATIONS

Indian work organizations display a mixed set of values, characteristic of both western and non-western societies. A belief in Detachment is found to coexist with Materialistic Orientation, Collectivism with Individualism and Humanism with Power Orientation. To substantiate this, results from two studies on member integration, carried out in four public sector organizations (Prakash 1982) and a multinational organization (Katju 1986) are discussed. Personal values and organizational values in the two types of organizations were analysed. Factor analysis of these values in public sector organizations yielded factors based on indigenous as well as universal values. The value clusters in the case of the multinational organization were largely based on universal values. Member integration in the public sector organizations was found associated with certain background variables, such as the level of professional education, the family's exposure to work organizations, prior work experience, etc. Nurturance of subordinates by supervisors, organizational expectation of universalism and peer leadership enhanced member integration. In the multinational organization, the length of service and the level of professional education, among the background variables, and participation in decision making, support from the boss, team-work and control, among the organizational variables, were associated with member integration. It is argued that indigenous values, such as familism, need to be synthesized with the values of industrial democracy to make Indian organizations more effective.