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1.
Caleb Yong 《Res Publica》2011,17(4):385-403
I take it that liberal justice recognises special protections against the restriction of speech and expression; this is what
I call the Free Speech Principle. I ask if this Principle includes speech acts which might broadly be termed ‘hate speech’,
where ‘includes’ is sensitive to the distinction between coverage and protection, and between speech that is regulable and speech that should be regulated. I suggest that ‘hate speech’ is too broad a designation to be usefully analysed as a single category, since it includes
many different kinds of speech acts, each of which involves very different kinds of free speech interests, and may cause very
different kinds of harm. I therefore propose to disaggregate hate speech into various categories which are analysed in turn.
I distinguish four main categories of hate speech, namely (1) targeted vilification, (2) diffuse vilification, (3) organised
political advocacy for exclusionary and/or eliminationist policies, and (4) other assertions of fact or value which constitute
an adverse judgment on an identifiable racial or religious group. Reviewing these categories in the light of the justifications
for the Free Speech Principle, I will argue that category (1) is uncovered by the Principle, categories (2) and (3) are covered but unprotected, and that category (4) is protected speech. 相似文献
2.
Keshavarz MH 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2007,36(4):255-272
The present study aims at testing the two dominant hypotheses regarding the development of inflections and other functional
categories namely the Structure-Building Model and the Continuity Hypothesis within the generative theory. According to the first view, functional categories are entirely absent in children’s early
grammars, which contain only projections of lexical categories, most importantly ‘nouns’ and ‘verbs.’ This hypothesis holds
that utterances produced by children are actually small clauses or verb phrases, and functional categories such as copula, determiners, and genitive are not acquired during the single-word or early multiword
stages, but are implemented in the course of further acquisition, at around age 2 or later. The proponents of the second,
i.e., the ‘Continuity Hypothesis,’ on the other hand, argue that functional categories are in fact present in children’s early
syntax. These two hypotheses will be tested here against empirical data in English and Persian. Thus, longitudinal data will
be provided on the acquisition of a few morphemes in the two languages acquired by the subject of the present study (i.e.,
English and Persian) including determiners, plural marker, genitive, and copula. The significance of the present study lies
in the fact that it provides data on two typologically different languages in bilingual first language acquisition and thereby
making a contribution to the field. 相似文献
3.
Mark Allen Peterson 《Contemporary Islam》2007,1(3):247-264
The American press began to take notice of the Danish cartoons after they began to circulate outside of Europe. The press
primarily framed the events as a single problem of global interaction: an issue of ‘freedom of speech’ opposed to ‘religious
sensitivity.’ Much of the coverage permitted, within limits, a plurality of voices. Drawing on a case study of stories about
the ‘cartoon controversy’ in the Boston Globe, I argue that U.S. journalism is organized by a logic of objectivity that seeks to produce a ‘perspectiveless perspective
on all perspectives’ (Bourdieu, On television. New York: The New Press, 1998), showing voices on ‘both sides,’ simultaneously masked and contributed to the press’s reifying a series of events into a
single global ‘event,’ one that reflected a clash of Western and Islamic values.
相似文献
Mark Allen PetersonEmail: |
4.
Dellantonio S Innamorati M Pastore L 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2012,46(2):172-195
This study examines whether the categories animate/inanimate might be formed on the basis of information available to the cognitive system. We suggest that the discrimination of percepts
according to these categories relies on proprioceptive information, which allows the perceiving subject to know that he is
‘animate’. Since other ‘objects’ in the world exhibit movements, reactions, etc. similar to those that the subject experiences
himself, he can ‘project’ his knowledge onto these objects and recognize them as ‘animate’ like himself. On this basis we try to corroborate the empricist position in the debate concerning the organization of knowledge
as opposed to the nativist view. Furthermore, we argue that the categorical dichotomy animate/inanimate is more basic than other analogous ones such as living/non-living, biological/non-biological and we sketch a ‘categorical stratification’ following the line ‘humans–animals–plants’ based on the hypothesis that humans
detect different degrees of ‘vitality’ according to the degree of similarity they recognise between the considered instance and themselves. 相似文献
5.
6.
Ingvar Johansson 《Synthese》2008,163(2):217-225
The paper argues, that a direct formalization of the way common sense thinks about the numerical identity of enduring entities,
requires that traditional predicate logic is developed. If everyday language mirrors the world, then persons, organisms, organs,
cells, and ordinary material things can lose some parts but nonetheless remain numerically exactly the same entity. In order
to formalize this view, two new logical operators are introduced; and they bring with them some non-standard syntax. One of
the operators is called ‘the instantiation operator’; it is needed because the existential quantifier and its traditional relatives cannot do the job required. The other operator
is called ‘the form-on-matter operator’, and it allows an individual (an instance of a form) to stay the same even though some of its parts (its constituting matter)
is taken away from it. Also, a certain kind of predicates, called ‘nature terms’, is needed in order to represent what gives a particular its kind of identity. Both the operators and the nature terms introduced can be used in constructions of formal languages and formal systems,
but no such constructions are made in the paper. The paper is structured as a comment on the philosophical problem called
‘the problem of the cats Tibbles and Tib’. 相似文献
7.
Shane Mackinlay 《Sophia》2010,49(4):499-507
In his essay The Origin of the Work of Art, Martin Heidegger discusses three examples of artworks: a painting by Van Gogh of peasant shoes, a poem about a Roman fountain,
and a Greek temple. The new entry on Heidegger’s aesthetics in the Stanford Encylopedia of Philosophy, written by Iain Thomson, focuses on this essay, and Van Gogh’s painting in particular. It argues that Heidegger uses Van
Gogh’s painting to set art, as the happening of truth, in relation to ‘nothing’, which is a key term in Heidegger’s essays
leading up to The Origin of the Work of Art. This paper extends a similar analysis to the Greek temple as a way of offering an exposition of Heidegger’s concerns in
the essay. It begins by briefly outlining Thomson’s argument that Heidegger relates Van Gogh’s painting to ‘nothing’, and
indicating the way this argument can be extended to the Greek temple. It then discusses three ways in which ‘nothing’ can
open up the significance of the temple as a work of art in which truth happens: (1) it is not concerned with objective representation;
(2) it depicts the primal strife of earth and world, concealing and unconcealing; (3) it is fundamentally historical. 相似文献
8.
Diego Marconi 《Erkenntnis》2006,65(3):301-318
The claim that truth is mind dependent has some initial plausibility only if truth bearers are taken to be mind dependent
entities such as beliefs or statements. Even on that assumption, however, the claim is not uncontroversial. If it is spelled
out as the thesis that “in a world devoid of mind nothing would be true”, then everything depends on how the phrase ‘true
in world w’ is interpreted. If ‘A is true in w’ is interpreted as ‘A is true of
w’ (i.e. ‘w satisfies A’s truth conditions’, the claim need not be true. If on the other hand it is interpreted as ‘A is true of w
and exists in w’ then the claim is trivially true, though devoid of any antirealistic efficacy. Philosophers like Heidegger and Rorty, who
hold that truth is mind dependent but reality is not, must regard such principles as “A if and only if it is true that A”
as only contingently true, which may be a good reason to reject the mind dependence of truth anyway. 相似文献
9.
After a brief and pointed recapitulation of the main issues of Demuth, Chaudhary and Keller’s article, Memories of me. Comparisons from Osnabrück (Germany) and Delhi (India) students and their mothers (doi:), alternative or complementary approaches to the investigation of ‘doing’ memory and self in different cultural contexts
are outlined in a sketch of three interrelated proposals. These proposals turn around a) ‘contemporaneousness of the non-contemporaneous’
(Gleichzeitigkeit des Ungleichzeitigen) and the analysis of ‘cultural hybrids’, b) ‘indigenous concepts of memory and self’ and c) ‘memory and self in actual cultural
practice’. 相似文献
10.
William S. Sax 《International Journal of Hindu Studies》2000,4(1):39-60
Conclusion Our understanding of South Asian society and history is sometimes muddled by the rigid distinctions we make between ‘religion’
and ‘politics.’ The resurgent appeal of Hindu nationalism, the involvement of Hindu renouncers in contemporary Indian politics,
and the continuing relevance of religious issues to political discourse throughout South Asia, show that such a distinction
is of limited utility. In this essay, I have examined the notion of digvijaya in some detail, in an attempt to show that this ‘most important Indian concept with regard to sovereignty’ was always both
a ‘religious’ and a ‘political’ phenomenon. When it was performed by Hindu kings in the classical period, the ‘political’
dimension of digvijaya was foregrounded, while in the medieval and modern periods, when it was associated primarily with Hindu renouncers, its ‘religious’
aspects were paramount. But neither ‘political’ nor ‘religious’ aspects were ever absent from any of the digvijayas discussed here because religion and politics were mutually entailed in the digvijaya at all times, just as kings and renouncers were—and still are—alter-egos of each other. I am tempted to conclude that the
digvijaya melded religious and political domains. Yet perhaps even to speak of ‘melding’ religion and politics is a peculiarly modern
kind of discourse. Perhaps we need to rethink our categories and recognize that politics always has a religious element, while
religion is always a political force. 相似文献
11.
Liisa Steinby 《Studies in East European Thought》2011,63(3):227-249
In this article, Bakhtin’s early aesthetics is reread in the context of Hermann Cohen’s system of philosophy, especially his
aesthetics. Bakhtin’s thinking from the early ethical writing Toward a Philosophy of Act to Author and Hero in Artistic Activity and Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics is followed. In Author and Hero, an individual is in his life conceived as involved in cognitive and ethical action but as remaining without a consummative
form; the form, or the ‘soul’, is bestowed upon a person by the creative activity of the artist alone. In his understanding
of artistic creativity and the relationship between the ‘hero’ and the author, Bakhtin closely follows Cohen, with the exception
that for Cohen the object of artistic form-giving is the universal, idealized man, whereas for Bakhtin it is an individual.
In the concept of a ‘polyphonic novel’ as developed in Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics, Bakhtin, however, considers this view of the activity of the artist (or the novelist) to apply to the “traditional” novel
only, while in a Dostoevskyean novel the characters are not subordinated to any defining power of the author. Bakhtin’s theory
of the Dostoevskyean novel is thus a return to the emphasis of the cognitive and ethical autonomy of the individual. His understanding
of the encounter between persons as a ‘subject’—‘subject’ or an ‘I’—‘thou’ relation has a predecessor, among others, in Cohen. 相似文献
12.
Attempts at meaning-making are considered an integral part of the process of psychological adjustment following the diagnosis
of a major illness. The present study aimed at examining the applicability of Lipowski’s illness meaning framework and the
utility of a card-task and an interview method for the assessment of illness meanings in an Indian sample of cancer patients
(n=100). ‘Challenge’, ‘value’, ‘punishment’ , ‘weakness’ and ‘enemy’ were the five categories from the Lipowski’s framework
that were found to be applicable in the current study sample whereas ‘strategy’, ‘relief’ and ‘loss’ were not applicable in
the sample. Five new categories of illness meanings emerged namely; ‘burden’, ‘part of life’, ‘God’s plan’, ‘fate’ and ‘low
threat’. Subgroups of patients formed on the basis of four broad categories of illness meanings (positive, negative, fate
and low threat) differed significantly on depression, anxiety and quality of life, supporting the convergent validity of the
interview based assessment. The study highlights that the card-task for assessment of meanings has significant limitations
and that Lipowski’s illness-meaning framework requires expansion to capture the breadth of illness experiences in Indian patients. 相似文献
13.
J. Ritola 《Argumentation》2006,20(2):237-244
In a recent article, D. A. Truncellito (2004, ‘Running in Circles about Begging the Question’, Argumentation
18, 325–329) argues that the discussion between Robinson (1971, ‘Begging the Question’, Analysis
31, 113–117), Sorensen (1996, ‘Unbeggable Questions’, Analysis
56, 51–55) and Teng (1997, ‘Sorensen on Begging the Question’, Analysis
57, 220–222) shows that we need to distinguish between logical fallacies, which are mistakes in the form of the argument, and rhetorical fallacies, which are mistakes committed by the arguer. While I basically agree with Truncellito’s line of thinking, I believe this distinction is not tenable and offer a different view. In addition, I will argue that the conclusion to draw from the abovementioned discussion is that validity is not a sufficient criterion of begging the question, and that we should be wary of the containment-metaphor of a deductive argument. 相似文献
14.
Joel Kenton Press 《Synthese》2008,161(1):119-139
Nearly all of the ways philosophers currently attempt to define the terms ‘representation’ and ‘function’ undermine the scientific
application of those terms by rendering the scientific explanations in which they occur vacuous. Since this is unacceptable,
we must develop analyses of these terms that avoid this vacuity.
Robert Cummins argues in this fashion in Representations, Targets, and Attitudes. He accuses ‘use theories’ of representational content of generating vacuous explanations, claims that nearly all current
theories of representational content are use theories, and offers a non-use theory of representational content which avoids
explanatory vacuity. One task I undertake in this article is to develop an alternative non-use theory which avoids an objection
fatal to that theory.
My second task is to adapt Cummins’ argument to criticize most current analyses of ‘function,’ which undermine scientific
explanation in an analogous way. Though Cummins does not explicitly argue in this manner, his own analysis of ‘function,’
by avoiding any appeal to use, avoids the explanatory vacuity to which they succumb. Consequently, I endorse Cummins’ notion
of function.
However, although use theories fail as analyses of the terms ‘representation’ and ‘function,’ they can still make significant
contributions to the sciences employing these terms. For, while philosophers seeking to define ‘representation’ and ‘function’
must avoid incorporating representational and functional uses into their definitions, scientists must still find a way to
determine which representations and functions are being used. Suitably re-construed use theories of representation and function
may in many cases assist them in this task. 相似文献
15.
David A. Reidy 《Philosophical Studies》2007,132(2):243-291
At the center of Rawls’s work post-1980 is the question of how legitimate coercive state action is possible in a liberal democracy
under conditions of reasonable disagreement. And at the heart of Rawls’s answer to this question is his liberal principle
of legitimacy. In this paper I argue that once we attend carefully to the depth and range of reasonable disagreement, Rawls’s
liberal principle of legitimacy turns out to be either wildly utopian or simply toothless, depending on how one reads the
ideal of reciprocity it is meant to embody. To remedy this defect in Rawls’s theory, I␣undertake to develop the outlines of
a democratic conception of legitimacy, drawing first on Rawls’s generic conception of legitimacy in The Law of Peoples and second on a revised understanding of reciprocity between free and equal citizens. On this revised understanding, what
free and equal citizens owe one another is not reciprocity in judgment, but reciprocity of interests.
David A. Reidy, J.D. (Indiana University-Bloomington), Ph.D. (Philosophy, University of Kansas) is Assistant Professor of
Philosophy at the University of Tennessee. He works in political philosophy and philosophy of law. He has published essays
in journals such as Political Theory, Journal of Social Philosophy, Res Publica, Southern Journal of Philosophy, Public Affairs Quarterly, Polis, Journal of Value Inquiry, Kantian Review, Economics and Philosophy, Legal Studies Forum, as well as in various anthologies. He is the co-editor (with Mortimer Sellers) of Universal Human Rights: Moral Order in a Divided World (Rowman and Littlefield, 2005) and (with Rex Martin) of A Realistic Utopia: Essays on Rawls’s ‘The Law of Peoples’ (Blackwell, forthcoming 2005). 相似文献
16.
Abnormality, cognitive virtues, and knowledge 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Robert K. Shope 《Synthese》2008,163(1):99-118
Causal analyses of one’s knowing that p have recently emphasized the involvement of cognitive virtues in coming to believe that p. John Greco suggests that in order to deal with Gettier-type cases, a virtue analysis of knowing should include a requirement
that one’s knowing does not in a certain way involve abnormality. Yet Greco’s emphasis on statistical abnormality either renders
his analysis subject to a generality problem or to objections regarding certain Gettier-type cases. When we instead consider
abnormality in the sense of a causally differentiating factor in relation to a causal contrast situation, the account remains
unclear concerning its application to an interesting non-Gettier-type case concerning chance. The exploration of these shortcomings
casts doubt on the epistemological usefulness of the schema, ‘If you know, then there is no abnormality in your being right.’ 相似文献
17.
Carl Erik Kühl 《Axiomathes》2008,18(3):303-338
This paper presents a typology of human actions, based on Aristotle’s kinesis–energeia dichotomy and on a formal elaboration
(with some refinement) of the Vendler–Kenny classificatory schemes for action types (or action verbs). The types introduced
are defined throughout by inferential criteria, in terms of what here are referred to as “modal-temporal expressions” (‘MT-terms’).
Examples of familiar categories analysed in this way are production and maintenance, but the procedure is meant to offer a
basis for defining various other commonsense categories. Among the more theoretical categories introduced are “Aristotelian
projects”, i.e. actions defined in terms of Aristotle’s conceptions of movement/change, as well as “abstract projects”, in
which the agent ensures that something changes from not being a fact to being a fact, and “conditional agency”, which involves
actions that are to be performed when/if certain conditions come to be fulfilled. A category like “starting an action” is
itself inferentially defined here in MT-terms, and so, inter alia, are proceeding with, finishing, stopping and interrupting an action. There is also a demonstration of how actions of one
type may be converted into those of other types, where this is a matter of the way they are “seen” or described. There is
also an implication to the effect that some of these distinctions may be useful for formulating certain critical insights
regarding modern life.
相似文献
Carl Erik KühlEmail: |
18.
Nicolas Espinoza 《Synthese》2008,165(1):127-139
It is commonly assumed that moral deliberation requires that the alternatives available in a choice situation are evaluatively
comparable. This comparability assumption is threatened by claims of incomparability, which is often established by means
of the small improvement argument (SIA). In this paper I argue that SIA does not establish incomparability in a stricter sense.
The reason is that it fails to distinguish incomparability from a kind of evaluative indeterminacy which may arise due to
the vagueness of the evaluative comparatives ‘better than,’ ‘worse than,’ and ‘equally as good as.’ 相似文献
19.
Humphrey van Polanen Petel 《Axiomathes》2007,17(1):53-73
The traditional definition per genus et differentiam is argued to be cognitively grounded in perception and in order to avoid needless argument, definitions are stipulated to
assert boundaries. An analysis of the notion of perspective shows that a boundary is a composite of two distinctions: similarity
that includes and difference that excludes. The concept is applied to the type-token distinction and percepts are shown to be the result of a comparison between a token
as representing some phenomenon and a type as representing the kind of object the phenomenon might be. The Principle of Connection
is proposed as the mental architecture that gives rise to percepts. The value of a percept is shown to be one of Identical, Similar, Different or Contrary and its perceptual aspects represent the cognitive schema of Essence, Quality, Quantity and Relation. The two notions of similarity and difference are claimed to constitute the necessary and sufficient conditions for definitions.
Accordingly, the qualitative elements of a definition signify the genus as representing the similarity of the defined entity in terms of others of its kind and the quantitative elements signify the differentia as representing the difference it has from everything else. Paying proper attention to both qualitative and quantitative aspects will enable formulation
of definitions that are ‘good’.
This paper is based on my master’s thesis at Monash University (2003). I thank Keith Allan for commenting on an earlier draft—any
remaining infelicities are mine only. 相似文献
20.
Paul Knepper 《Jewish History》2008,22(3):295-315
In the decades before the First World War, London worried about anarchist outrages, and particularly, about Jews said to instigate
them. Jewish anarchists were rumoured to have been responsible for the ‘ripper’ murders in Whitechapel (1888), an attempt
to blow up the Royal Observatory at Greenwich Park (1894) and the Houndsditch murders (1910)/Sidney Street affair (1911).
Jews were a visible population in the East End, and editors, MPs, and police authorities offered Jewishness to explain the
‘who’ and ‘why’ of anarchist violence. Jews were also thought to have the capacity to become invisible, ‘outsiders’ who could
pass for ‘insiders’. In the radical press, and fictionalised accounts in novels such as Conrad’s The Secret Agent, the image of the Jewish anarchist became that of agent provocateur paid by police to infiltrate and undermine the movement.
Jews were said to operate behind-the-scenes, manipulating the economy and political structure. The invisible hand of the market
and the invisible hand of anarchism were attached to a Jewish body.
About the author: Paul Knepper (Ph.D. Arizona State) is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield,
and Research Fellow, Centre for Jewish Studies, University of Manchester. Recent publications include ```Jewish Trafficking”
and London Jews in the Age of Migration’, Journal of Modern Jewish Studies (2008); ‘British Jews and the Racialisation of Crime in the Age of Empire’ British Journal of Criminology (2007); ‘Michael Polanyi and Jewish Identity’ Philosophy of the Social Sciences (2005); ‘Polanyi, “Jewish Problems”, and Zionism’ Tradition and Discovery (2005). 相似文献