A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOME MULTIDIMENSIONAL VECTOR MODELS FOR SUBJECTIVE SIMILARITY

E kehammar B. A comparative study of some multidimensional vector models for subjective similarity. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1972, 1 3 , 190–197.—h this report, two theoretical vector models for subjective similarity were deduced from a "content" definition of subjective similarity. One of the derived similarity equations proved in empirical model testing to describe the similarity principle in perception of form better than earlier, similar models. Deviations between observed similarity estimates and values expected according to the model are discussed, among other things, in terms of the heterogeneity of the stimulus set.     

THREE MODELS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTIVE RATIOS

SJÖBERG, L. Three models for the analysis of subjective ratios. Scand. J. Psychol. , 12, 217–240.–Circular area and heaviness were judged under four response modes: free ratio, per cent, similarity, and multiple estimation. Three log linear models were suggested for these data, each new model bringing in more free parameters to be fitted and assuming less strict types of invariance of subjective values. The most demanding, and traditional, model frequently had to be rejected. This "inconsistency" could be attributed both to the factor of relative size of the two stimuli in a comparative judgment and to the fixed vs. free factor. As a byproduct it was found that the Eisler-Ekman "similarity equation" was not supported by these data.     

SCALES FOR SUBJECTIVE DISTANCE

By means of the method of ratio estimation, scale values were obtained for subjective distance. In three experiments different stimulus ranges of the objective distances were used. It was found: ( 1 ) Subjective distance is a power function of the objective distance. ( 2 ) The exponent of the function varies with the stimulus range. With increasing stimulus range the exponent has a tendency to decrease. It is conceivable that the change of the exponent may be explained by an adaptation of the subjective range to the stimulus range.     

THE EVALUATION OF AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO MEASURING ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY

This research describes a new approach to the measurement and enhancement of organizational productivity entitled the Productivity Measurement and Enhancement System (ProMES). Various conceptual issues regarding productivity are briefly reviewed and the system is described. Research is reported in which productivity measures using this approach were developed and evaluated in five organizational units. The measures from the system were then used to give group-level feedback, followed by group goal setting and group incentives. Results indicated that unit personnel were cooperative in developing and using the system and that the system had good psychometric characteristics. Feedback increased productivity 50%, and feedback with the addition of goal setting and incentives increased productivity 75% and 76%, respectively. The approach to measuring productivity has several unique features. For example, it combines all the functions of a unit into a single index of productivity that reflects     

主观幸福感研究综述

文章介绍了主观幸福感的涵义、内容和特点,总结了主观幸福感的研究理论,分析了影响主观幸福感的多种因素,并探讨了今后研究的方向和新的课题,旨在为今后的研究提供新的视角。     

EVALUATION OF A MULTIPLE-STIMULUS PRESENTATION FORMAT FOR ASSESSING REINFORCER PREFERENCES

We compared three methods for presenting stimuli during reinforcer-preference assessments: a paired-stimulus format (PS), a multiple-stimulus format in which selections were made with replacement (MSW), and a multiple-stimulus format in which selections were made without replacement (MSWO). Results obtained for 7 participants showed moderate to high rank-order correlations between the MSWO and PS procedures and a similar number of identified reinforcers. In addition, the time to administer the MSWO procedure was comparable to that required for the MSW method and less than half that required to administer the PS procedure. Subsequent tests of reinforcement effects revealed that some stimuli selected in the PS and MSWO procedures, but not selected in the MSW procedure, functioned as reinforcers for arbitrary responses. These preliminary results suggest that the multiple-stimulus procedure without replacement may share the respective advantages of the other methods.     

A SCALING METHOD FOR MEASURING COLOR CONSTANCY

Recently developed types of indirect psychophysical scaling method served as starting point in finding a handy procedure for measuring differences in the degrees of 'color constancy'. A design for carrying out categorical comparisons with color paper proofs was constructed. The raw scores, given as percentage distributions, prove transformable into standard scale values. These demonstrate the shifted positions of the colors in question when presented in alternating conditions of illumination.     

简易反应时测定装置

在心理学中經常应用測定反应时的方法作为心理活动的一項指标。卫生学界也常用它作为观察人体疲劳的指标之一。反应时是指从給予刺激到发生反应为止的潛伏时間。这一段时間极为短暫,因此测定反应吋的計时装置必須十分精确。 机械启动的計时器常因其慣性而影响了准确性;較为精密的計时器又甚昂貴。为了滿足教学工作的需要,根据帕尔費諾夫的电解微时測定的原理,試制了一种簡易的反应时测定装置。在使用中觉得它計时准确,极易装配,今将其結构作簡要介紹。     

EVALUATION OF A PARENT-TRAINING MANUAL FOR REDUCING CHILDREN'S FEAR OF THE DARK

We evaluated the effectiveness of a manual to teach parents how to help their children overcome fear of the dark. The primary components of the package included desensitization, reinforcement, and verbal self-control statements. Six fearful children ages 3–11 and their parents participated. A multiple-baseline design across three pairs of matched subjects was used. Outcome measures consisted of the level of nighttime illumination voluntarily set by the child on a rheostat installed in the bedroom and the child's subjective rating of his or her fear level during the night. The data indicated that all children were sleeping all night with the rheostat set at criterion level or lower within 2 weeks after initiation of treatment, without any report of fear. Follow-up measures at 3, 6, and 12 months showed that all children maintained or improved on the reduced fear behaviors achieved during the treatment.     

A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF EMPIRICALLY DERIVED CONSEQUENCES FOR THE TREATMENT OF PICA

Individualized treatment packages were developed for 3 children with high-rate severe pica using a discrimination training paradigm and a behavioral assessment-based procedure known as empirically derived consequences. Children received empirically derived reinforcers for eating under appropriate stimulus conditions (i.e., eating food only from a plate and placemat that served as a discriminative stimulus) and empirically derived punishers for attempts to engage in pica. This treatment package resulted in marked reductions in pica and an increase in appropriate eating for all 3 children in a “baited” analogue condition. In addition, low rates of pica were maintained for 9 months for all 3 children. These results suggest that treatment effectiveness may be enhanced when behavioral assessment data are used to identify potent consequences.     

独体汉字的字形相似性研究

本文以速示呈现方式获得了一系列独体汉字和字符的混淆矩阵。用Luce（1963）的选择模型特混淆矩阵分解为对称的相似矩阵和反应倾向矢量。基于相似矩阵,以聚类分析和多维量表法探索了汉字和字符的视觉特征及其表征形式,为揭示汉字视觉特征的几何特性和潜在结构,在研究方法上作了有意义的偿试、此外,本研究的结果支持了作者（1995）关于在含“十”或“口”的独体汉字中,“十”与“口”是该类汉字的突出视觉特征的结论。     

认知研究的新技术——一套图形标准化资料和计算机实验软件

本工作是建立一套适合我国特点并有利于开展跨文化研究的图形加工实验的技术资料。工作包括两部分:1.建立一套图形标准化常模。2.建立相应的图库及图一词实验计算机软件,其中包括识别、启动、同时匹配和Stroop四个实验程序。为保证实验的精度,程序编制中解决了图形的即时呈现、即时消失、刺激的随机呈现、反应时精度1毫秒等问题。     

EVALUATION OF A TRAINING MANUAL FOR THE ACQUISITION OF BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT INTERVIEWING SKILLS

Two procedures were used to teach behavioral assessment interviewing skills: a training manual and one-to-one instruction that included modeling, rehearsal, and feedback. Two graduate students and two advanced undergraduates were trained with each procedure. Interviewing skills were recorded in simulated assessment interviews conducted by each student across baseline and treatment conditions. Each training procedure was evaluated in a multiple baseline across students design. The results showed that both procedures were effective for training behavioral interviewing skills, with all students reaching a level of 90%-100% correct responding. Finally, a group of experts in behavior analysis rated each interviewing skill as relevant to the conduct of an assessment interview and a group of behavioral clinicians socially validated the outcomes of the two procedures.     

PREDICTORS OF OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE CAREER SUCCESS: A META-ANALYSIS

Using the contest- and sponsored-mobility perspectives as theoretical guides, this meta-analysis reviewed 4 categories of predictors of objective and subjective career success: human capital, organizational sponsorship, sociodemographic status, and stable individual differences. Salary level and promotion served as dependent measures of objective career success, and subjective career success was represented by career satisfaction. Results demonstrated that both objective and subjective career success were related to a wide range of predictors. As a group, human capital and sociodemographic predictors generally displayed stronger relationships with objective career success, and organizational sponsorship and stable individual differences were generally more strongly related to subjective career success. Gender and time (date of the study) moderated several of the relationships examined.