Contrôle d’animations multimédias par des enfants de dix à 11 ans : quel effet des dispositifs de contrôle ?

The present study aims at exploring the effect of user control on learning from technical animations. First, the concept of user controllability is defined and possible reasons for the divergent findings concerning its effectiveness in supporting learning are considered. Second, an empirical study is reported, in which young learners studied the operation of gear systems from animated instruction involving different levels of user control. Finally, results of the study are discussed and related to processing constraints that may influence the educational effectiveness of user controllable animations.     

L'identification des enfants à haut potentiel : Quelles perspectives pour l'approche psychométrique ?

The identification of gifted children is a paradoxical issue in the scientific literature. This topic is largely underrepresented, in spite of the complexity of the questions it raises. The concept of identification of giftedness is a multifaceted topic. From a theoretical point of view, the definitions of giftedness diverge. From a methodological point of view, the domains of measurement, the techniques of evaluation and the criteria used are also extremely variable. The limits of the “traditional” psychometric approach to giftedness are presented starting from the example of the WISC. Several questions are addressed: the value of the identification threshold, the relevance of available norms and psychometric qualities of this test. Finally, prospects offered by Item Response Models to renew the psychometric approach to the identification of giftedness are considered.     

Peut-on concevoir des documents électroniques plus efficaces ? L’exemple des diaporamas

While the use of video projection systems for slide shows is being increasingly frequent in many professional environments, very little work has been devoted to the optimization of this type of document. The aim of this article is to provide a review of the work that is likely to help improve the effectiveness of this type of medium, in particular for learning purposes. It will deal, among other things, with the role of illustrations, results charts, the redundancy between the oral and written modes and the type of text presentation, as well as the use of various forms of attention guidance and modes of structuring information in memory.     

Pourquoi être pro-environnemental ? Une approche socionormative des liens entre valeurs et « pro-environnementalisme »

It has often been suggested that environmental attitudes and behaviour are linked to people's values. In the present study, adherence to a pro-environmental norm is expected to be associated with self-transcendence values, whereas clear-sightedness regarding this norm is expected to be associated with self-enhancement values. Amongst a sample of 191 participants, values are measured with Schwartz's Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ) and normative adherence and clear-sightedness are measured within the self-presentation paradigm, using a pro-environmental attitudes and behaviour questionnaire. Overall, results corroborate the hypotheses. It is argued that the distinction between normative adherence and clear-sightedness enables alternative interpretations of research exploring the relationship between values and pro-environmental attitudes and behaviour.     

Accueil des réfugiés en France : le point de vue des Français d’origine maghrébine et des Français « natifs »

Studies on attitudes towards refugees in France have only focused on “native” French people. Extending the study beyond the majority group is important, given the multicultural composition of contemporary Western societies. To this end, 144 “native” French and 109 Maghrebi-French were surveyed. We first tested the model whereby the link between national identification and prosocial intentions towards refugees is mediated by the threat perception, with the group of origin as a moderating variable. This model only applies to “native” French. We then took a closer look at the precursors of prosocial intentions among Maghrebi-French (national identity misrecognition , individualistic/collectivistic orientation). Identity misrecognition correlates positively with prosocial intentions. When controlling for other variables, collectivism is the factor that best predicts the expression of these intentions. Overall, our study showed that depending on the group of origin (“natives” vs. Maghrebi-French), we react differently to refugees. However, even if the feeling of identity misrecognition among Maghrebi-French seems to be associated with the expression of prosocial intentions, the extent of its negative consequences should not be overlooked.     

De l’aménagement des bureaux à la transformation des modes de travail : quelles répercussions collectives ?

An increasing number of companies choose to implement “activity-based” workplace environments. Building upon activity theory and situated cognition, we focus on the impact of these office solutions on collective work practices. Our study is based on 15 semi-structured interviews as well as 5-day activity diaries followed by commented walks. We aim at understanding how the office layout is dealt with and acted upon by the employees of an Information Technology company. Our results show that the “activity-based” workplace provides a framework for both interpreting the work of colleagues and organizing one's own work. More generally, our research opens up a reflexion on how office design intervention could support activity development.     

Les études des relations sociales précoces : sommes-nous trop « sécure » avec l'attachement ou trop « attaché » à la sécurité ?

During the past thirty years, empirical research has amply demonstrated the central role of early mother-child relations for subsequent social, cognitive and affective development. However, this confirmation of the vital role of primary attachment for later personal development has been accompanied by a relative neglect of the contribution of other social partners to the emerging competence of the young child. A critical review of the attachment literature underscores the need to replace the monotropic model of primary attachment by a more systemic model of development within the polyadic context of the family. For both theoretical and empirical reasons, a social ecological approach to early development permits overcoming the prosocial, positivistic biases of a single dimension, dyadic model of early socialization. The formulation of more systemic, multi-dimensional models of early family relations promises to advance our understanding of the complex adaptive processes that serve as developmental foundations for children’s emerging interpersonal competence.     

Hommes et aléas : appréhension des risques côtiers par des usagers et des gestionnaires de communes littorales

This study focuses on how users and managers living in coastal areas represent their living environment and how the coastal risks (erosion and flooding) are included in this place representation. To do this, a qualitative survey (semi-structured interviews) was conducted with 61 people who live in towns so-called “at risky” or “vulnerable” in relation to this issue. The interviews were fully transcribed and they have been analyzed by the Alceste textual analysis software, supplemented by a manual content analysis. For all respondents, the results highlight that coastal risks are not a major concern. For managers, the risk is taken into account but it is not usually the priority. For users, the privilege of the surrounding and the place attachment obscure the existence of risk, whatever it is.     

Prise en charge psychologique des détenus délinquants sexuels : une pratique des limites

Based on the experience of one of the authors and with the aid of three case studies, the conditions of psychological care for sex offenders during their imprisonment and the difficulty with which the psychologist is confronted will be examined. The first case underlines the risk of the criminal being reduced to the criminal act committed and losing touch with humanity. The case also illustrates how the period at the beginning of imprisonment is a favourable period in terms of allowing the recognition of committed act. The second case refers, on the contrary, to the nature of care request in penitential institutions, which does not arise from an authentic demand from the patients. In order to create this authentic demand, it is necessary to introduce measures based on mediation or interpellation technique. The third case illustrates the difficulty met by the psychologist in positioning himself between care ethic and the pressure from the society concerning the risk of criminal relapse.     

Le transfert intermodal des objets solides à leurs représentations graphiques chez les enfants : les capacités intermodales s’améliorent-elles avec l’âge ?

Children aged of four to six years participated in two cross-modal transfer tasks. (1) They were tactually familiarized with solid objects and then tested for visual recognition memory with outline drawings of them; (2) they were visually familiarized with drawings of objects and then tested for tactually recognition of solid objects. Six simple geometric shapes were presented to the children and could be named by them. Because a preliminary V-V transfer task was totally mastered by three to four year-old children, the children of this experiment were only subjected to an additional T-T transfer task with solid objects. This task permitted the investigation, in the course of development, of their ability to haptically recognize the correct familiar shape without seeing it. Correct recognitions were recorded. They increase similarly from four to five years in the three tasks. However, V-T cross-modal transfer was really mastered between five and six-years. These results are discussed in relation to the development of sensory modes and educational factors such as the learning of writing and reading in nursery school.     

La loi no 2016-87 du 2 février 2016 créant de nouveaux droits en faveur des malades et des personnes en fin de vie : un nouvel équilibre décisionnel ?

Adopted after a tumultuous legislative process, the Act of 2 February 2016 complete the “Leonetti” law of April 22, 2005. Without going to legalize active help to die, this law does include some notable developments. It increases patient autonomy, including the consecration of mandatory advance directives and extends the right to refuse care. It specifies the role of the support person in the decision process and extends the scope of the collegiate procedure. Finally, it recognizes a right to care for the suffering and diversified palliative care modalities, particularly through the introduction of continuous deep sedation until death. Some aspects of the law relating to the mandatory advance directives or the process of sedation are however asked to be specified by regulation.     

L’expertise médicale au temps des pandémies : l’exemple des cancers

Medical law suits were interrupted during the COVID-19 pandemia and judicial process will come shortly back to the normal. Pandemia induced delays in the cancer diagnosis and treatment. These modifications were validated by expert consensus from the medical societies. However in the coming years it is highly possible that patients think they were victims of a “loss of chance” and ask for a compensation. The various situations in which physicians can be involved are described and recommendations for the management of medical charts are discussed.     

Le malade génétique responsable « La loi des suspects »

A patient suffers of a genetical disease. He does not wish to inform his family. Is he responsible for a lost of chances of his parents, chances to prevent the disease, or to receive care? Is there a second class of patients?     

Existe-t-il une typologie familiale dans les pathologies addictives ? Revue critique de la littérature sur les familles d’adolescents présentant des troubles alimentaires ou des conduites de dépendance aux substances

Among factors favoring the addictive behaviors, some specific family processes are often identified in eating disorders and dependences with psychoactive substances. Different models of systemic orientation described the familial disturbances involved in the addictive pathologies emphasizing either the emotional interaction and the processes of differentiation family, either the structure and the level of family cohesion. This article proposes a critical review of the systemic literature on the familial disturbances involved in the families of adolescents with eating disorders or with a substance-dependence. The systemic models (Bowen, Minuchin) are reference values in the understanding of family processes and therapy with families. The observations of these family processes have been confronted to empirical researches integrating different epistemological levels and different methods. The empirical results are heterogenous concerning the different forms of family functioning associated with these addictive pathologies. The empirical studies support the hypothesis of a family dysfunctioning in the different addictive behaviors and demonstrate the relationship between the severity of familial disorders and the severity of the addictive disorders. However, the family configuration described by the typological models is rarely found complete or with a similar intensity between the families. The studies support the hypothesis of an emotional distance in the family interactions and a lack of parental care which could correspond to factors of chronicity or vulnerability. Comparing the family characteristics of these two types of addictive behaviors, the literature supports the existence of (1) some specific family characteristics according to the type of addictive behavior (in particular the conflict avoidance which appears specifically in anorexic families) (2) some similar family patterns of interactions between the members of addictive families in particular the representation of a low family cohesion, an intergenerational enmeschment and a high level of control. These family patterns suggest rather to a dimensional approach of the family characterized by different protective or risk factors. We suggest that these family patterns could constitute, according to their importance (intensity and frequence), a family risk factor of development or aggravation of the addictive behaviors.     

La réparation des préjudices : aspects juridiques

From the juridical point of view, helping victims means the compensation for damage; substantive law principle means repairing the integral damage caused. The reform of the right of recourse of the third party payers and the new nomenclature for damages constitute a sensitive improvement of the indemnity of personal injuries. However, the implementation of repairing is heterogeneous, several ways, extra judicial or judicial, lead to indemnity.     

Analyse critique des approches de l’acceptation des technologies : de l’utilisabilité à la symbiose humain-technologie-organisation

This article proposes a criticism of the concept of technology acceptance. Starting from a distinction between operational and social acceptance, the authors present an overview of the concepts and notions associated to the paradigm of technology acceptance. Then, they criticize the paradigm and propose the idea that human and technologies are connected by interactions that are so narrow that one can refer to human-machine symbiosis, as Licklider (1960) suggested. The first part of the paper is devoted to the various ergonomic aspects of the operational acceptance (usability, ergonomic criteria, model of the interaction) while the second part addresses the psychosocial aspects of acceptance (Technology Acceptance Model, User Information Satisfaction Theory, Expectancy Disconfirmation Theory, Agile Organizational Development…). The idea behind the authors’ point of view is that technology must not inevitably be thought of as a foreign thing that the human must accept or refuse. From a metaphorical point of view, technology is more and more part of ourselves and behaves like a symbiont. From the time human and technologies start to form coherent and linked units, the relation between human, technology and organization can be apprehended according to a symbiotic approach which considers that human and technologies are connected by strong dependent relationships. In short, this article proposes to consider that the concept of symbiosis is more capable to explain the relationships of human with technology than the acceptance concept.