顾炎武诗歌中的齐文化

顾炎武诗歌中有几首写到齐国历史人物，或用作典故，或吟咏人物，或隐喻现实，其中复国英雄田单最受其推崇。顾炎武诗歌中的齐文化，有他作为明遗民的立场和视角，与他反清复明的平生壮志密切相关，古老齐文化的爱国精神在他的诗歌创作中得到了独到的阐发。也赋予他的诗歌创作以独特的面貌。     

火牛阵及其他

一、火牛阵本事战国末年,齐国名将田单率领即墨军民守城拒敌,以火牛阵大破燕军之事,见诸司马迁之,《史记》。战国时期,燕昭王为报齐湣王乘危加兵之仇,拜乐毅为上将军,联合赵、魏、韩等国,合力伐齐。连克齐国70余城,只剩下莒、即墨     

简说齐闵王失国与齐襄王复国

齐闵王穷兵黩武而失国。齐襄王利用贤人田单及莒人和齐人对燕军的仇恨及对自己的拥戴,组织力量抗击燕国。复国后,齐襄王没有很好地吸取父辈失国的教训,终未使齐国强盛起来。     

田单大摆火牛阵

战国时，齐国有一位大将田单，在打仗时善于使用计谋破敌，也算得上“运筹帷幄之中，决胜千里之外”，带兵多次出击，屡败燕国军队，收复了齐国的失地。 其时，燕军已攻下齐国七十余城，只剩下宫城、即墨两城未攻破。即墨守将战死，田单被公推为将军。即墨被燕国大军里三层外三层包围得水泄不通。城内，田单麾下的军队，将寡兵微，势薄力弱，一时又没有外援，突围很难，破城在即。 田单日夜苦思冥想，怎样才能退敌，以解即墨之危呢？ 一天深夜，他正在辗转反侧难以入睡时，忽听窗外人声喧嚷，信步走出门外一看，只见一只惊牛狂奔于街上，原…     

齐襄公考——从马王堆汉墓帛书谈起

公子诸儿、公子糺、公子小白同是齐僖公的儿子;诸儿因年长而继承王位,是为齐襄公。襄公俊美多才,有图强之心。他攻打鲁国,讨伐卫国,灭掉纪国,帮助卫惠公登上王位,齐国一时强盛。齐襄公和鲁桓公于桓公十八年在泺会见,鲁桓公夫人文姜随行。齐襄公复与妹妹文姜私通,并派力士彭生杀死鲁桓公。襄公做事随意,喜怒无常,最终被公孙无知杀死。公孙无知夺得齐国王位后,亦因暴虐被杀,齐桓公登上王位。襄公的功业,为桓公称霸打下坚实基础。     

齐莒邑非今莒县

战国后期,齐国经历了一场严重“国难”。燕昭王姬平,为报伐国和杀父之仇,做了近三十年的准备,派乐毅统率重兵攻入齐境,联合三晋和秦国部分兵力,在济水西北岸展开一场恶战,齐兵大败,湣王田地“遁而走莒,仅以身免。”随后,乐毅攻占齐都临淄,分兵略定全齐。齐国七十余城,只莒和即墨二邑未下。固守即墨的临淄市掾田单,智破燕军,迎齐     

管仲改革标志着齐国社会形态的转折

管仲改革标志着齐国社会形态的转折张荣明春秋战国时期,地处东方的齐国发生了一场变革。伴随着这场变革,齐国的社会形态发生了由上古形态向中古形态的转折。然而,这场变革是怎样发生的？以什么为标志？学术界的解说不一。许多学者认为,战国中期齐威王的改革是齐国社会...     

孟子游齐纪要

孟子先后游历过魏、齐、宋、滕、鲁等国,齐国是他寄希望最大、居留时间最长和唯一做过官的国家。在齐的七年中,孟子思想发展到最高峰,变化也较大。本文的内容就是探讨一下他在齐的政治活动和思想变化的大体概况。一、游齐初期游齐初期即到齐之后至为卿之前。齐宣王二年,孟子抱着以仁政统一中国的伟大抱负,从魏国到达齐国的首都临淄,游说齐王。这一时期,孟子游说的策略是顺应齐王喜好,引导他实行仁政,建立王天下大业。第一、引导齐王变称霸大欲为王天下大业。     

齐文化对胶东菜文化的影响与提升

齐国在开国之初实行的治国之策，不仅推动了胶东地区的铜铁业、盐业、纺织业有了更大的发展，而且齐国“开其国门”的开放之策，也进一步推动了胶东地区对其他诸侯国及朝鲜、日本的经贸往来和对外开放。胶东地区在学习和接受齐文化影响时，既注重学一习和引进齐文化中促进经济发展和提高百姓生活的改革内容，又对自身优秀的传统文化进行了很好地继承。齐文化影响与提升了胶东莱文化。莱文化中优秀的传统文化也丰富了齐文化。     

战国时期齐秦变革之比较

战国时期是变法图强的时代，韩、赵、魏、楚、燕、齐、秦等诸侯大国都曾根据各自的国情进行了不同的程度的变革。在各国的变法中以东方的齐国和西方的秦国最具特色。因此本文欲对齐、秦两国在战国时期的变革进行比较研究，以探讨齐、秦变革对两国兴衰的影响。     

From the fixity of the past to the fixity of the independent

There is an old but powerful argument for the claim that exhaustive divine foreknowledge is incompatible with the freedom to do otherwise. A crucial ingredient in this argument is the principle of the “Fixity of the Past” (FP). A seemingly new response to this argument has emerged, the so-called “dependence response,” which involves, among other things, abandoning FP for an alternative principle, the principle of the “Fixity of the Independent” (FI). This paper presents three arguments for the claim that FI ought to be preferred to FP.

     

On the interaction of the subject and the experiment in the matching model

Two types of matching designs, static and dynamic, are differentiated. While all matching designs are logically the same in terms of the probability model which determines chance level of performance, an attempt is made to demonstrate that there is an interaction between the tactics, strategies, and actual knowledge ofS and the type of design used which will, in turn, lead to different results even whenS's knowledge is held constant. It is suggested that analogous situations may exist within the framework of the traditional psychometric model.The work reported in this paper was supported by a National Science Foundation Undergraduate Research Participation Grant (NSF-G15797) to the senior author. The authors are indebted to Joel E. Greene for his advice and criticism.     

In the beginning was the doing: the premises of the practical syllogism

If practical reasoning deserves its name, its form must be different from that of ordinary (theoretical) reasoning. A few have thought that the conclusion of practical reasoning is an action, rather than a mental state. I argue here that if the conclusion is an action, then so too is one of the premises. You might reason your way from doing one thing to doing another: from browsing journal abstracts to reading a particular journal article. I motivate this by sympathetically re-examining Hume's claim that a conclusion about what ought to be done follows only from an argument one of whose premises is likewise about what ought to be done.     

城市化与道德嬗变

从 1 9世纪开始的大规模城市化进程是和工业化、商品化、市场化密不可分的。它带来了社会人际关系的变化和道德嬗变。它使业缘道德取代血缘道德成为社会道德的中心 ,并通过交换行为和交换价值促进道德发展和更新 ,还进一步确立了竭诚服务的社会理念。城市化是人类社会的进步 ,是现代社会文明。