Intelligence and race: further comments on J. P. Rushton's work.

A review of some implications of J.P. Rushton's 1988 and 1990 work on racial differences in brain mass (size or weight) suggests that his comments do not constitute a viable scientific theory.     

Race, brain size, and intelligence: a reply to Cernovsky

Cernovsky's 1990 critique of my work on the relation between brain size and IQ inadequately presents my position. I did not address the issue of sex differences in brain size nor did I conclude that "women are less intelligent than men" (p. 337). In the autopsy study cited by Cernovsky, it was concluded that, when body size is controlled, the male-female difference in brain size is removed but the black-white difference in brain size remains. Cernovsky also ignores much additional data, including that Mongoloid populations have larger and heavier brains than Caucasoids. Here, I review evidence on the relation between (a) brain size and race and (b) brain size and intelligence. Data are also tabulated for personality, speed of maturation, and sexuality, on all of which the Caucasoid average consistently falls between those of Mongoloids and Negroids. This ordering may be explained by a gene-based evolutionary theory of r/K reproductive strategies in which Mongoloids are more K-selected than Caucasoids and Caucasoids more than Negroids.     

Rodney King and O. J. Revisited: The Impact of Race and Defendant Empathy Induction on Judicial Decisions

White university students participated in a study to investigate the impact of defendant race and empathetic induction on a subsequent juror decision-making task. Participants read a passage involving a Black or a White defendant in a criminal case. They were subsequently induced to feel no empathy, low empathy, or high empathy for the defendant. When compared to participants in the low- and control empathy conditions, those in the high-empathy condition reported greater target empathy, made attributions that were more situational, and assigned more lenient punishments. The results also indicate that group membership can moderate the impact of empathetic induction. When compared to the participants in the Black defendant condition, those in the White defendant condition reported greater target empathy, made attributions that were more situational, and assigned more lenient punishments. Implications for both empathy and judicial decision-making research are discussed.     

Post-Enlightenment and Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET): Comments on P.J. Watson's View

Comments on P. J. Watson's (1993) paper, on the post-Enlightenment and rationality, showing how he is correct in many respects but misinterprets the philosophy and practice of rational-emotive therapy.     

Race, brain size, and intelligence: another reply to Cernovsky

Five sets of observations require explanation. Firstly, within both black and white populations there is a small positive correlation between IQ and brain size whether or not there is control for body size. Secondly, racial differences in average brain size occur such that Mongoloids greater than Caucasoids greater than Negroids especially with control for body size. Thirdly, mammals with larger brains relative to their bodies perform better on learning tasks than mammals with smaller brains relative to their bodies. Fourthly, average racial differences on measures of cognitive performance parallel the differences in average brain size. Fifthly, average racial differences on numerous other traits parallel the differences in intelligence and brain size. It is incumbent on scientists to explain these facts.     

民族颜面再认研究综述

“认同”(Identity或Identification)一词最早由弗洛伊德提出。弗洛伊德认为,认同是个人与他人、民族或模仿人物在感情上、心理上趋同的过程。民族认同是指个体或民族对本民族与他民族的信念、态度,以及对其民族身份的承认。民族认同包括的心理成分很多,颜面认同则以其独特的作用与心理内涵成为研究民族认同的出发点。     

A note on notes: note taking and containment

In extreme situations of massive projective identification, both the analyst and the patient may come to share a fantasy or belief that his or her own psychic reality will be annihilated if the psychic reality of the other is accepted or adopted (Britton 1998). In the example of' Dr. M and his patient, the paradoxical dilemma around note taking had highly specific transference meanings; it was not simply an instance of the generalized human response of distracted attention that Freud (1912) had spoken of, nor was it the destabilization of analytic functioning that I tried to describe in my work with Mr. L. Whether such meanings will always exist in these situations remains a matter to be determined by further clinical experience. In reopening a dialogue about note taking during sessions, I have attempted to move the discussion away from categorical injunctions about what analysis should or should not do, and instead to foster a more nuanced, dynamic, and pair-specific consideration of the analyst's functioning in the immediate context of the analytic relationship. There is, of course, a wide variety of listening styles among analysts, and each analyst's mental functioning may be affected differently by each patient whom the analyst sees. I have raised many questions in the hopes of stimulating an expanded discussion that will allow us to share our experiences and perhaps reach additional conclusions. Further consideration may lead us to decide whether note taking may have very different meanings for other analysts and analyst-patient pairs, and whether it may serve useful functions in addition to the one that I have described.     

Peer telephone dyads: Putting conclusions on hold

Conclusion Through systematic study of intervention trials, which are as carefully crafted and as critically examined as the one reported here, we can gain new insights into ways of intentionally creating the interpersonal and environmental conditions conducive to the expression and acceptance of support. To plan appropriate and acceptable changes in the social ecology, we must develop a theory of the intervention, drawing on both the voluminous generative base of research on social support and on knowledge gained from examination of the particular forces that potentiate and limit exchanges of support in the networks of the intended beneficiaries. In conducting the intervention, careful recordings of the interpersonal transactions that take place and their bearing on the parties' perceptions of the evolving character of the relationship can bring the needed process dimension to emergent theory on social support. And by evaluating the impact of the intervention on a range of proximal and distal outcomes, we can discern more clearly how social support's mechanisms of action confer measurable benefits, particularly those prized by the participants themselves.     

Autokinetic movement in geometric illusions: a note.

Four static geometrical illusions were presented in an autokinetic movement situation. 50 Ss saw each form four times. Of the total responses, 36% were no-movement responses while 37% of the time the total figure was seen as moving. The meaning 27% of the responses involved apparent movement in only a part of the figure. In general, the elements seen as moving are the parts misperceived in the static geometrical illusion.