人-计算机界面可用性评价方法

人机界面的可用性评价是软件心理学的重要组成部分。它是将各种心理学方法运用到软件的人机界面的设计过程中,通过预测和考察在某一特定工作情境下的人机交互情况,发现界面设计中的问题,从而进一步改善界面设计,提高用户操作绩效与使用满意感。     

乳腺癌患者积极心理学研究领域文献可视化分析

梳理乳腺癌患者积极心理学研究领域的研究脉络,以呈现其学科领域的研究热点及研究前沿。利用CiteSpaceⅢ可视化软件分析web of science数据库2000年~2016年符合检索条件的文献的国家(地区)和关键词。结果显示,乳腺癌患者积极心理学领域的研究力量主要集中在美、英等发达国家。现阶段研究热点主要集中于通过随机对照试验来揭示对乳腺癌患者实施积极心理方面干预的作用效果,并对效果进行评价。中国乳腺癌患者积极心理学领域的研究刚刚起步,今后可以结合"基因检测"、"运动干预"等方向对乳腺癌患者积极心理学领域进行进一步探索。     

现代认知心理学简介

现代认知心理学思潮起于五十年代中期,六十年代之后迅速发展,因U.奈索(U.Neisser)1967年出版的《认知心理学》一书而得名。到了八十年代,它已成为当前西方心理学界盛行的一个新流派,基本上取代了行为主义心理学而在西方心理学领域居主导地位,心理学中的许多研究领域如发展心理学、心理语言学、心理药物学、社会心理学和临床心理学,等等,都已变成了认知心理学的范围。     

佛教对当代心理学发展的影响

佛教是一种重要的东方哲学文化,它的一些精神已经渗透进了当代的许多学科领域。在心理学领域,心理学在思想层面、理论层面和实践层面都能看到佛教的核心精神——Dukkha箴言(人的苦难)、Tanha箴言(人的欲望)、Nirvana箴言(苦难中的涅槃)和Magga箴言(摆脱苦难的路径)的影子。因此,探求佛教文化在当代心理学中的生存状况,寻找心理学视野下的真实佛教就成为当代心理学研究的一个基础性问题。     

教育心理学的研究领域和发展趋势

当前教育心理学研究的主要领域有哪些?多年来教育心理学发展的趋势是什么? 曾担任五年《教育心理学杂志》(《Journal of Educational Psychology》,美国心理学会主办)副主编和六年主编的Smamuel Ball教授在他离任前就上述两个主要问题进行了考察和分析。教育心理学应该研究哪些领域?多年来这个问题一直没有取得一致意见。比如1941年,Blair就曾选取了当时最为流行的8本教育心理学教科书进行了内容分析,结果发现这些书中     

生态心理学之界说

生态心理学目前还没有形成一种统一的范式,把它称为一种取向比把它称为一种学科更为合适,更能反映它内部复杂的现状,也更具包容性。生态心理学有广义和狭义之分,我们通常所说的是指狭义生态心理学。狭义生态心理学的两大理论核心是以巴克为代表和以吉布森为代表的理论范式,其他人的思想都基本上在整合和延伸他们的思想的基础上展开的。作为一种研究取向,可以把狭义生态心理学初步界定为：生态心理学是一种强调研究动物(人)-环境交互体的动态交互过程,尤其倾向于研究生态环境中的具有功能意义的心理现象的取向。     

教育心理学研究中能力倾向与教学措施的交互影响

本文介绍了教育心理学研究中能力倾向与教育措施交互影响(aptitude—instruc-tional—treatment interaction)这一新的思路。通过与传统研究思路的比较,着重分析了 ATI 研究模式的特点,并进一步阐述了这一研究模式对于教育心理学研究的理论意义以及在教学设计、教学评价和培训等方面的实际应用价值。     

逻辑、语言与世界——访迈克尔·戴维特

迈克尔·戴维特(Michael Devitt)是美国著名语言哲学家、纽约城市大学哲学系教授、澳大利亚人文科学院院士、北美哲学与心理学协会主席(2011-2012)。1972年在哈佛大学获得哲学博士学位,师从著名哲学家蒯因。他的研究领域涉及语言哲学、心灵哲学、心理学哲学、     

阿方斯·查佩尼斯

阿方斯·查佩尼斯,(Alphons Chapanis)美国心理学家,工程心理学的创始人,由于他在心理学应用方面的成就,获得美国心理学1978年应用心理学卓越贡献奖。该项奖自1973年开始每年授于在该领域中有杰出贡献的心理学家1—2人,查佩尼斯是第七名获奖人。查佩尼斯到获奖这一年,从事工程心理学开创性研究和领导该领域的工作已有35年历史。1949年他和 W.Garner 和 C.Morgan 一起编写了该领域中第一本著作《应用实验心理学:工程设计中人的因素》(Applied experimental psychology:Human factors in engine-ering design,New York:Wiley;London:Chapman&Hall.)这本书为该领域以后     

国外学习无能(包括学习困难)的研究现状

有关学习无能的研究遍及各个学科(神经学、医学、心理学、教育学等)以及各个专业领域(如临床心理学、发展心理学、教育心理学、心理测量学、神经心理学等等)。如此众多的研究使我们很难把所有的研究范围都进行概述,更何况每个专业领域或学科的研究有许多的重叠交叉之处,在此我们从病因学、教育和行为学以及学习无能的主要类型这三方面的研究为主线进行概述。病因学(Eiology)研究病因学是研究一特定问题因何存在的原因以及对此原因的解释。为了解释有效,病因学必须考虑到各种可能的原因.有关学习无能的病因学研究主要集中在以下几个方面:     

基于概念外延的用户认知表达-——以智能冰箱的用户认知研究为例

--用户认知具有主观性、模糊性、进化性及多维性等不确定性特点,难以编码与度量。提出以概念外延表达的集合论方法与模糊数学把研究用户认知转换成研究代表它的因素集合;提出用数据驱动的互联网文本挖掘获取因素集,采用TF-IDF与模糊统计求解因素的隶属度,完成用户认知的数学表达,为进一步研究提供数学基础;最后以海信智能冰箱项目进行论证。由于用户认知属于典型的不确定性复杂对象,论文所用方法适用于所有复杂对象的建模与求解。     

‘So you did what you wanted then’: Discourse analysis,personal agency,and psychotherapy

This paper explores issues concerning personal agency in discursive psychology and discourse analysis, with a particular emphasis on agency in terms of motivational accounts of the person. Issues are discussed in relation to the efficacy, acceptability, and accessibility of discourse analytic research for the practising psychotherapist. We suggest that such an approach may raise problems in four areas. First, we argue that without explicit theorization of the subject as language user, discourse analysis may be vulnerable to the charge of determinism. Second, theorization of the subject as language user may be required to account successfully for individual consistency and continuity of identity. Third, although claiming to critique commonsense notions of subjectivity, implicit dualist assumptions facilitate a reading of discursive psychology that is compatible with a motivational model of the person. Finally, we argue that discursive psychology itself implies a particular model of the strategically motivated language user. We conclude that, although these issues require clarification, discursive psychology and discourse analysis have much to offer psychotherapy research.     

如何建立聊天机器人与用户间的数字治疗联盟：关系线索的作用

近年来,研究者们将“治疗联盟”(Therapeutic Alliance,TA)的概念与在线自助干预(Internet-based Self-help Interventions,ISIs)相结合,以解决ISIs中用户参与度较低的问题。这种在数字环境中形成的TA,被称之为“数字治疗联盟”(Digital Therapeutic Alliance, DTA)。随着人工智能的迅速发展,聊天机器人可模拟人类指导,相对于传统ISIs程序更易于与用户建立关系,可通过友好、尊重、倾听、鼓励、真诚、理解、信任这几个关系线索来促进DTA的发展,为解决用户低参与度的问题提供了一种新思路。未来的研究可从影响因素、ISIs技术迭代、测量规范、实验操纵等方面对DTA作进一步的探索。     

Enlarging the model of the human at the heart of human-centered AI: A social self-determination model of AI system impact

Increasing awareness of the harms that artificial intelligence (AI) systems can cause has inspired a movement towards creating more human-centered AI (HCAI). One way in which AI systems can be made more human-centered is by focusing on the effects they have on people's needs. However, existing theories of technology impact in HCAI drawn from human-computer interaction (HCI) and related fields such as psychology are not able to account for the ways in which both needs and the impact of technology on these are dynamically shaped by the social context. To address this limitation, in this paper we outline a Social Self-Determination Model (SSDM) of AI system impact. SSDM proposes that people's needs for self-determination can be individual or collective in a particular context depending on features of the person and their environment. Accordingly, because AI systems treat people differently depending on the groups they belong to, they can make needs for individual or collective self-determination psychologically relevant and either fulfill or hamper these. SSDM can be used to help designers and developers create more human-centered AI systems by quantifying the effects of these systems and the social environment in which they are embedded on people's fundamental psychological needs and wellbeing.     

Why Research-Oriented Design Isn’t Design-Oriented Research: On the Tensions Between Design and Research in an Implicit Design Discipline

Human–computer interaction (HCI) is the discipline concerned with the design, evaluation, and implementation of interactive computing systems. Unlike many empirical sciences, HCI researchers do not typically solely study existing technologies, styles of interaction, or interface solutions. On the contrary, one of the core activities in contemporary HCI is to design new technologies – in the form of software and hardware prototypes – that act as vehicles through which HCI researchers’ ideas materialize and take on concrete form. Despite this situation, there is a very modest discussion in the discipline on the role of design as an activity in the research process; whether or not HCI could in fact be better understood as a design discipline than as an empirical science; and if, and if so how, the design element in HCI goes with its empirical claims. This paper is specifically about the element of design as currently manifest in HCI research. We dig deeper into HCI as a design discipline by suggesting, analyzing, and discussing what appear to be tensions between two competing traditions in the relationship between design and research.     

Drivers’ illusions––no more risk

In this invited address to the International Congress of Applied Psychology, it is argued that traffic psychology has not had a major impact on accident prevention. The factors that have determined this are discussed. A review of the theories and models pertinent to drivers’ risk taking and road user behaviour in general is presented. It is argued that both risk-homeostasis theories and task capability model are not sufficiently precise to be used as a basis for preventive measures. Attitude–behaviour models derived from social psychology have proved to be powerful in identifying motivational factors influencing road user behaviour, but the majority of empirical evidence is based on self-reported rather than observed behaviour. It is argued that individual differences can provide a basis for accident prevention, in particular driver training.     

MacLab: A Macintosh system for psychology labs

MacLab, a program that turns the Apple Macintosh into a psychology laboratory tool, is described. MacLab combines intelligent editors, a millisecond timer, MacPaint pictures, and the ease of use of the Macintosh user interface to create a system with which experimental psychologists can quickly create and run powerful experiments with no need of any knowledge of programming.     

Individual differences in failing to save everyday computing work

It has been argued that the study of human–computer interaction (HCI) tends to neglect the user without advanced skills, and the prediction (as opposed to classification) of human error. The present work aims to redress these balances by attempting to obtain a predictive understanding of variation in susceptibility to computing error in everyday life among non‐specialist users. On rare occasions, people lose the computing work they are carrying out because they forget to save it. Is this a matter only of unfortunate chance? The results of two studies indicated that this is not so. In both cases, levels of naturally occurring computing losses were found to be significantly related to individuals' general levels of susceptibility to cognitive failure, assessed by the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), suggesting a possible explanation in terms of variation in attentional ability. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Validation of the holyoake codependency index

Some clinicians working with families with alcohol or other drug problems continue to use the codependency model to guide their practice despite the limited empirical support for this approach. Research into codependency has been hampered by the lack of psychometrically sound instruments. The Holyoake Codependency Index (HCI; G. E. Dear & C. M. Roberts, 2000) is a 13-item self-report measure of codependent traits that has previously shown adequate to high reliability, initial evidence of construct validity, and an internal structure that is consistent across samples. In the 4 studies reported here, the internal structure of the HCI was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis, and further evidence of construct validity was found in that the HCI subscales showed meaningful associations with other psychological and demographic variables.