使人容易失去理智的几种情况

生活中,我们是需要保持理智的,否则就要干傻事,干坏事。但人也是情感动物,在一些情况下却容易失去理智,在冲动下干出一些过后感到后悔但已不可挽回的事来。在此简析一些生活中使人容易失去理智的情况及“对策”,衷心希望朋友们少一些冲动,多一些理智,让生活多一些平和,少一些后悔。     

等待

曾有这样一些人,在孤独的岁月中等待,直到自己两鬓苍白,才得到他人的认可;曾有这样一些人,在孤独的岁月中企盼,直到自己的死神来临,才得到世界的肯定;曾有这样一些人,在孤独的岁月中渴求,直到自己的肉体消失,才得到后人的认同……     

反对封建迷信和伪科学是现代企业的一项基础工作

近年来,一些封建迷信和伪科学在一些企业中得以散布,一些企业职工、家属有的搞求神问卜,有的搞封建迷信,有的参与伪科学活动。在世纪之交和深化国有企业改革的关键时期,应在职工中旗帜鲜明地反对封建迷信和伪科学,为创建现代企业奠定扎实的基础。     

程序教学中若干理论问题

我在《程序教学中几个心理学问题》一篇讲话中,曾对程序教学,特别是斯金纳学派的做法和理论基础,作了一些介绍并提出了很不完整的一些评价。兹就近来对这个问题的接触,提出一些值得注意的问题,并提出自己若干粗浅的看法。     

创造力及其测量

在心理和教育测验中,人们的兴趣已扩展到创造力这个领域中。一些人对创造力有兴趣,是因为它对于从事某种职业(例如艺术家、科学家)是一个重要的条件;另一些人的兴趣是把创造力作为一种智慧能力来研究;还有一些人的兴趣是把创造力作为解决难题的方法来研究。研究策略一般有两种:一些研究集中在创造性个人所具有的典型特征和背景经历上,而另一些研究试图探讨创造过程。     

艺术设计教育的得与失

本文着重对我国目前艺术设计教育体系中存在的一些不良现象和教育误区进行了初步的探讨,使人们从中了解现存教育体系中应予以重视的一些问题,并提出了个人的改进意见。     

古代汉语语法特点的成语

成语是一种固定词组,定型定义是它的显著特征。正是由于成语的结构定型性和语义的完整性,使得很多古代成语至今被保存在文学语言的书面语中和口语中,因而也使我们能从这些成语中窥见古代汉语的一些概貌。下面是一些摘自成语词典的成语,它们分别保留了一些古代汉语的语言特点。     

地震伤截肢纪实与感悟

笔者亲身经历了“5·12”四川汶川8．0级特大地震中救治地震伤员的医疗工作,结合相关的创伤性截肢的一些经验和一些感悟,初步分析了地震伤员的创伤性截肢的特点、原因以及创面处理的一些措施和原则,以期与同道共同探讨类似突发性、群发性伤害事件中更加有效的救治措施。     

许逊信仰小考

本文对许逊信仰崇拜作了一些新的有自己见解的考证,考证中发掘了一些新的史料,对许逊崇拜的研究有所推进。     

评析大学生中流行的三种资产阶级人生观

如今大学生中流行的人生观呈现多元化状态,资产阶级人生观对一些大学生不同程度地起作用。我们要树立、巩固共产主义人生观,就必须破除资产阶级人生观的不良影响。在一些大学生中最流行的资产阶级人生观,有以下三种类型。     

Making Mayhew and Frisby effortlessly discriminable

Mayhew and Frisby (1978) demonstrated that patterns which differ markedly in their spatial-frequency content may be very hard to discriminate. This they took as evidence against any model which proposes that the processes underlying texture discrimination have direct access to some local piecewise Fourier analysis of the patterns performed by spatial-frequency channels. It is shown that Mayhew and Frisby's patterns can be discriminated easily if their components have been incorporated into a pattern-contingent colour aftereffect. This demonstration suggests that the location in the visual pathway for contingent aftereffect adaptation must lie before the construction of the raw primal sketch, to which, according to Marr, we have conscious access. This location must also allow the orientation specificity seen in the aftereffect. This points to a locus in the striate cortex.     

Further analysis of modifications to the three-step guided compliance procedure to enhance compliance among children with autism

Three-step guided compliance (vocal prompt, vocal plus model prompt, vocal prompt plus physical guidance) is a commonly used procedure to increase compliance among children with intellectual disabilities. Previous research has suggested that under some conditions, slight modifications to the three-step procedure may enhance its effectiveness. These modifications include omitting the model prompt and decreasing the interprompt interval. In the current study, we evaluated another modification to the procedure: the delivery of a high-preference item contingent upon compliance with the first vocal prompt (i.e., differential reinforcement). For 2 participants with autism, compliance remained low when we implemented differential reinforcement and the guided compliance procedure in isolation. However, compliance improved when we combined differential reinforcement and the three-step guided procedure, suggesting that for at least some children, the combination of contingent access to a high-preference item and the guided compliance procedure is more effective than either intervention alone.     

How many kinds of consciousness?

Ned Block's influential distinction between phenomenal and access consciousness has become a staple of current discussions of consciousness. It is not often noted, however, that his distinction tacitly embodies unargued theoretical assumptions that favor some theoretical treatments at the expense of others. This is equally so for his less widely discussed distinction between phenomenal consciousness and what he calls reflexive consciousness. I argue that the distinction between phenomenal and access consciousness, as Block draws it, is untenable. Though mental states that have qualitative character plainly differ from those with no mental qualities, a mental state's being conscious is the same property for both kinds of mental state. For one thing, as Block describes access consciousness, that notion does not pick out any property that we intuitively count as a mental state's being conscious. But the deeper problem is that Block's notion of phenomenal consciousness, or phenomenality, is ambiguous as between two very different mental properties. The failure to distinguish these results in the begging of important theoretical questions. Once the two kinds of phenomenality have been distinguished, the way is clear to explain qualitative consciousness by appeal to a model such as the higher-order-thought hypothesis.     

Introspective access to implicit shifts of attention

Literature in metacognition has systematically rejected the possibility of introspective access to complex cognitive processes. This situation derives from the difficulty of experimentally manipulating cognitive processes while abiding by the two contradictory constraints. First, participants must not be aware of the experimental manipulation, otherwise they run the risk of incorporating their knowledge of the experimental manipulation in some rational elaboration. Second, we need an external, third person perspective evidence that the experimental manipulation did impact some relevant cognitive processes. Here, we study introspection during visual searches, and we try to overcome the above dilemma, by presenting a barely visible, “pre-conscious” cue just before the search array. We aim at influencing the attentional guidance of the search processes, while participants would not notice that fact. Results show that introspection of the complexity of a search process is driven in part by subjective access to its attentional guidance.     

叙述文本中中心概念的确定方式及其通达

采用移动窗口技术考察叙述文本中中心概念的确定方式及其通达。实验一在中文条件下得出了与Michelle＆O’Brien2002研究一致的结果。实验二采用事件相关方式确定中心词．结果表明．无论在标题相关陪衬调还是在事件相关陪衬调干扰下。事件相关中心词通达效果显著优于边缘词。实验兰进一步比较事件相关中心概念与词频相关中心概念的通达效果。结果表明,前者通达效果显著优于后者。总的实验结果表明。事件相关中心的确定方式同样在叙述文本中具有适用性．能够很好地体现文本中心,表现出情境模型水平上的通达优势。     

A Meta-model of Access Control in a Fibred Security Language

The issue of representing access control requirements continues to demand significant attention. The focus of researchers has traditionally been on developing particular access control models and policy specification languages for particular applications. However, this approach has resulted in an unnecessary surfeit of models and languages. In contrast, we describe a general access control model and a logic-based specification language from which both existing and novel access control models may be derived as particular cases and from which several approaches can be developed for domain-specific applications. We will argue that our general framework has a number of specific attractions and an implication of our work is to encourage a methodological shift from a study of the particulars of access control to its generalities.     

Social information in equine movement gestalts

One model of signal evolution is based on the notion that behaviours become increasingly detached from their original biological functions to obtain a communicative value. Selection may not always favour the evolution of such transitions, for instance, if signalling is costly due to predators usurping signal production. Here, we collected inertial movement sensing data recorded from multiple locations in free-ranging horses (Equus caballus), which we subjected to a machine learning algorithm to extract kinematic gestalt profiles. This yielded surprisingly rich and multi-layered sets of information. In particular, we were able to discriminate identity, breed, sex and some personality traits from the overall movement patterns of freely moving subjects. Our study suggests that, by attending to movement gestalts, domestic horses, and probably many other group-living animals, have access to rich social information passively but reliably made available by conspecifics, a finding that we discuss in relation with current signal evolution theories.     

Color perception involves color representations firstly at a semantic level and then at a lexical level

Studies and models have suggested that color perception first involves access to semantic representations of color. This result leads to two questions: (1) is knowledge able to influence the perception of color when associated with a color? and (2) can the perception of color really involve only semantic representations? We developed an experiment where participants have to discriminate the color of a patch (yellow vs. green). The target patch is preceded either by a black-and-white line drawing or by a word representing a natural object associated with the same or a different color (banana vs. frog). We expected a priming effect for pictures because, with a 350-ms SOA, they only involve access to semantic representations of color, whereas words seem only elicit an access to lexical representations. As expected, we found a priming effect for pictures, but also for words. Moreover, we found a general slowdown of response times in the word-prime-condition suggesting the need of an additional processing step to produce priming. In a second experiment, we manipulated the SOA in order to preclude a semantic access in the word-prime-condition that could explain the additional step of processing. We also found a priming effect, suggesting that interaction with perception occurs at a lexical level and the additional step occurs at a color perception level. In the discussion, we develop a new model of color perception assuming that color perception involves access to semantic representations and then access to lexical representations.     

Joint effects of semantic priming and repetition in a lexical decision task: Implications for a model of lexical access

An experiment is reported which showed that in a lexical decision task semantic priming by a related preceding word and repetition of target words produce additive effects on decision latency. Previous models of lexical access and modifications of them are discussed, and it is argued that some such models predict an interaction of priming and repetition, while others are insufficiently precise to make a prediction. It is suggested that the generality of effects across tasks requiring lexical access must be established and the components of complex effects must be separated before an adequate model can be devised to account for the data.     

PROBLEMS OF SINCERITY

ABSTRACT It is undeniable that the assumption of sincerity is important to assertion, and that assertion is central to the transmission of beliefs through human testimony. Discussions of testimony, however, often assume that the epistemic importance of sincerity to testimony is that of a (fallible) guarantee of access to the actual beliefs of the speaker. Other things being equal, we would do as well or better if we had some kind of unmediated access to the beliefs of the other person, without the risks involved in the overt act of speaking, and the assumption of sincerity in speech is the closest we can come to this access. Contrary to this picture, I argue that sincerity has a quite different epistemic role to play in testimony than that of an indicator of the speaker's beliefs. The epistemology of testimony requires reference to the speaker as agent, and not just the speaker's beliefs, as well as a sense of 'expression of belief that links it to the specifically addressive relation to another person.