A test of the 2 × 2 Model of Perfectionistic Pressure in youth sport

Perfectionistic pressure from coaches and parents is likely to contribute to the development of perfectionism in youth athletes. However, if and how perfectionistic pressure from coaches and parents interact to predict the development of perfectionism is unknown. With this in mind, the present study tested a new model – the 2 × 2 Model of Perfectionistic Pressure – that focuses on the different combinations of perfectionistic pressure youth athletes can experience. Four within-person combinations of perfectionistic pressure are identified and compared: Pure coach pressure (high coach pressure/low parental pressure), pure parental pressure (low coach pressure/high parental pressure), mixed pressure (high coach pressure/high parental pressure), and low pressure (low coach pressure/low parental pressure). To test the model, a sample of 210 youth athletes (M age = 14.68 years) completed measures of perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, coach pressure to be perfect, and parental pressure to be perfect. Moderated hierarchical regression and simple slopes analyses revealed that mixed pressure was related to the highest levels of both perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. The findings provide initial evidence for the new model and suggests it will be useful in studying the development of perfectionism and other outcomes in sport.     

A resolution to the interpretive dilemmas created by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2)? A reply to Ben-Porath and Graham

In my original article (Strassberg, 1991) I described (1)some of the changes introduced by the MMPI-2, (2) possible interpretive dilemmas created by these changes, and (3) strategies for dealing with these dilemmas. In their reply to my paper, Ben-Porath and Graham (preceding paper) suggest that the differences between the MMPI-2 and the MMPI (1) are to be expected, (2) are less important than I imply, and (3) when they do occur, will almost always reveal the superiority of the MMPI-2. In this reply to Ben-Porath and Graham, I explain why, despite their reassurances, I continue to contend that interpretive dilemmas can exist when using the MMPI-2, but these should not deter us from using this instrument.     

Perfectionism and athlete engagement: A multi-sample test of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism

Few studies have examined how perfectionism relates to athlete engagement. In addition, the studies that do exist have focused on the main effects of dimensions of perfectionism as opposed to their interactive effects. The first purpose of the study was therefore to examine the interactive effects of dimensions of perfectionism in predicting athlete engagement and, in doing so, test the hypotheses of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism. The second purpose of the study was to examine whether support for the 2 × 2 model depended on the instrument used to measure perfectionism. Three samples of junior and adult athletes from various sports (total N = 730) completed measures of perfectionism indicative of personal standards perfectionism (PSP) and evaluative concerns perfectionism (ECP) (HF-Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Cox, Enns, & Clara, 2002; Sport-Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2, Gotwals & Dunn, 2009; Multidimensional Inventory of Perfectionism for Sport, Stoeber et al. 2007), as well as a measure of athlete engagement (Athlete Engagement Questionnaire, Lonsdale, Hodge & Jackson, 2007). Moderated regression analyses provided support for the hypotheses of the 2 × 2 model for some facets of engagement but not others. Generally, pure PSP (high PSP/low ECP) was associated with the highest levels of athlete engagement and pure ECP (low PSP/high ECP) was associated with the lowest levels of athlete engagement. Support for the 2 × 2 model also differed depending on the instrument used to measure perfectionism. Overall, the findings suggest that the 2 × 2 model may explain differences between athletes in levels of engagement. However, these differences will depend on which indicators of PSP and ECP are examined.     

腺苷A2a受体介导利血平引起的行为性抑郁

研究腺昔在利血平引起的大鼠行为性抑郁中的作用。应用Porsolt游泳试验,观察注射利血平引起的大鼠行为性抑郁,通过腹腔注射非特异性腺昔受体阻断剂咖啡因和特异性A1和A2腺昔受体阻断剂,确定腺昔在利血平诱导的大鼠行为性抑郁中的作用以及介导这种作用的受体。结果发现：腹腔注射利血平(4、6和8mg／kg)可导致大鼠在游泳试验中漂浮时间明显延长,咖啡因和A2a腺昔受体阻断剂能明显缩短利血平导致的漂浮时间的延长。结论：腺昔通过A2a受体介导利血平引起的大鼠的行为性抑郁。     

Hp感染的胃癌组织中Eph A2和Ephrin A1的表达与远处转移的关系

采用蛋白印迹法和逆转录-聚合酶链反应法检测胃癌及正常胃黏膜组织中Eph A2、Ephrin A1和E-cadherin的蛋白及mRNA水平,分析其与临床资料的关系,初步探讨幽门螺杆菌(Hp)促进胃癌发展的机制。结果胃癌组Eph A2和Ephrin A1蛋白及mRNA水平显著高于正常胃黏膜组(P0.05),且伴Hp感染组显著高于未伴Hp感染组(P0.05);胃癌组Eph A2和Ephrin A1蛋白及mRNA水平与存在淋巴结转移呈正相关;Eph A2和Ephrin A1分别与E-cadherin蛋白表达量呈负相关。说明Hp可能通过诱导胃癌细胞合成更多的Eph A2和Ephrin A1,从而抑制E-cadherin蛋白的表达,使胃癌细胞通过淋巴系统发生转移。     

“A是A又不是A”与辩证逻辑

一、对立统一规律能归结为“A是A又不是A”吗？黑格尔提出思辨逻辑的确是对传统逻辑同一律、矛盾律和排中律的一种否定。他把形式逻辑混同于形而上学但没有加以全盘否定。他没有明确地意识到：第一，是否一切辩证矛盾（对立统一）都是逻辑矛盾（一命题及其否定的合取）？例如，资产阶级与无产阶级的对立统一，能归结为逻辑矛盾吗？第二，是否一切逻辑矛盾都是辩证矛盾？例如，设想写一部书，其中每一句话都是黑格尔《大逻辑｝）或树。逻辑》中的话的逻辑否定；反之亦然。黑格尔的著作与这本想像中的著作都是片面的，只有这两部著作合在一…     

解偶联蛋白2基因启动子-866G／A多态性与2型糖尿病的相关性研究

研究解偶联蛋白-2基因启动子常见-866G／A基因多态性（UCP2—866G／A）与2型糖尿病发病相关性。用多聚酶链反应-限制内切酶长度多态性技术检测了76例非糖尿病对照（NDM）和115例糖尿病患者（DM）的UCP2—866G／A基因型分布,并分析各基因型与胰岛功能、代谢参数的差异性。结果DM的AA基因型分布显著高于NDM（32．2％vs15．8％,χ^2=6．526,P〈0．038）。在NDM组GG型携带者空腹C肽（FCP）水平高于AA和GG组（两两比较分别为t=2．99,P=0．005和t=2．229,P=0．03）;在DM各基因型之间FCP和餐后2小时C肽（2hCP）情况与NDM对照相似,各基因型混和餐刺激后2hCP差异更加明显。结论为UCP2—866G／A基因多态性与大连地区2型糖尿病发病相关,该基因多态性主要影响胰岛β细胞分泌功能。     

解偶联蛋白2基因启动子-866G/A多态性与2型糖尿病的相关性研究

研究解偶联蛋白-2基因启动子常见-866G/A基因多态性(UCP2-866G/A)与2型糖尿病发病相关性.用多聚酶链反应-限制内切酶长度多态性技术检测了76例非糖尿病对照(NDM)和115例糖尿病患者(DM)的UCP2-866G/A基因型分布,并分析各基因型与胰岛功能、代谢参数的差异性.结果DM的AA基因型分布显著高于NDM(32.2%vs15.8%,χ2=6.526,P<0.038).在NDM组GG型携带者空腹C肽(FCP)水平高于AA和GG组(两两比较分别为t=2.99,P=0.005和t=2.229,P=0.03);在DM各基因型之间FCP和餐后2小时C肽(2hCP)情况与NDM对照相似,各基因型混和餐刺激后2hCP差异更加明显.结论为UCP2-866G/A基因多态性与大连地区2型糖尿病发病相关,该基因多态性主要影响胰岛β细胞分泌功能.     

A 2 × 2 taxonomy of multilevel latent contextual models: accuracy-bias trade-offs in full and partial error correction models

In multilevel modeling, group-level variables (L2) for assessing contextual effects are frequently generated by aggregating variables from a lower level (L1). A major problem of contextual analyses in the social sciences is that there is no error-free measurement of constructs. In the present article, 2 types of error occurring in multilevel data when estimating contextual effects are distinguished: unreliability that is due to measurement error and unreliability that is due to sampling error. The fact that studies may or may not correct for these 2 types of error can be translated into a 2 × 2 taxonomy of multilevel latent contextual models comprising 4 approaches: an uncorrected approach, partial correction approaches correcting for either measurement or sampling error (but not both), and a full correction approach that adjusts for both sources of error. It is shown mathematically and with simulated data that the uncorrected and partial correction approaches can result in substantially biased estimates of contextual effects, depending on the number of L1 individuals per group, the number of groups, the intraclass correlation, the number of indicators, and the size of the factor loadings. However, the simulation study also shows that partial correction approaches can outperform full correction approaches when the data provide only limited information in terms of the L2 construct (i.e., small number of groups, low intraclass correlation). A real-data application from educational psychology is used to illustrate the different approaches.     

Perfectionism and emotion regulation in coaches: A test of the 2 × 2 model of dispositional perfectionism

The manner in which coaches regulate their emotions has implications for their performance and well-being. Drawing on research that has found perfectionism to predict emotion regulation in other settings, this study adopted the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism to examine whether subtypes of perfectionism among coaches were associated with variation in the use of emotion regulation strategies. Coaches (N = 238, M age = 23.92, SD = 10.32) from various sports completed measures of perfectionism (personal standards and evaluative concerns) and emotion regulation strategies (expressive suppression, cognitive reappraisal, and control of anger directed inwards and outwards). Moderated hierarchical regression provided mixed support for the 2 × 2 model. As expected, pure personal standards perfectionism (high standards/low concerns) was generally associated with the highest capacity for emotion regulation and pure evaluative concerns perfectionism (low standards/high concerns) with the lowest. Unexpectedly, mixed perfectionism (high standards/high concerns) was associated with the highest level of expressive suppression, suggesting that in some instances standards might exacerbate rather than attenuate concerns.     

A note on the use of mood's likelihood ratio test for item analyses involving 2 × 2 tables with small samples

Mood's likelihood ratio test is generally considered an unreliablex ² approximation in 2 × 2 contingency tables containing expected cell frequencies less than five. Probability values were computed for 60 such tables as part of an item analysis for two 30-item alternate forms of a measure. The rank orders of the items, from best to worst differentiators, as determined separately by Mood's test and by Fisher's exact test correlated .97 for one form and .96 for the other.     

Replacement—A theory of stereotypy: A review

Three forms of stereotypy are described and an outline given of previous theories of simple stereotypy in the retarded and autistic. An alternative theory is put forward in which stereotypy is characterized as a replacement of unpalleatable stimuli and/or responses that are overloading the system in a way with which the individual cannot cope. Although the theory derives from cognitive psychology, it can also be expressed behaviorally or experientially without loss of impact. The manner in which replacement theory applies to the three types of stereotypy is described. Testable hypotheses are derived, predictions made, and implications considered. Finally, the more general ramifications of the theory are explored.     

WHAT DOES A PIGEON SEE IN A PICASSO?

The present paper is primarily a response to Watanabe, Sakamoto, and Wakita's 1995 paper “Pigeons' Discrimination of Paintings by Monet and Picasso.” Our main criticism is that the key term concept, and in particular the way in which a class of stimuli is specified, remains equivocal. We argue that it is only useful to study categorization if the organism in question can be expected to have access to the information that is used in defining the classes, and that evidence for categorization requires selective responses that cannot be attributed to similarity in features that are not essential to the classification.     

辩证矛盾不是“A并且非A”

“辩证矛盾”和“逻辑矛盾”都采用“矛盾”这个词,这往往容易使人发生误解,以为“矛盾”一词只有一个意义,从而把辩证矛盾和逻辑矛盾相混淆。事实上,“矛盾”这个词在辩证法和形式逻辑中各自有着互不相同的含意。辩证法所说的“矛盾”是指事物内部两个对立面的矛盾,而形式逻辑所说的“矛盾”。     

亚临床型血友病A合并颅脑外伤的围手术期处理2例分析

为了探讨亚临床型血友病A患者合并颅脑外伤行手术治疗时的围手术期处理方法，2例亚临床型血友病A合并颅脑外伤患者术后确诊，在围手术期通过动态的监测血Ⅷ因子活性（FⅧ：C）水平，调整FⅧ输入并维持FⅧ：C在止血水平（30％～50％），至伤口愈合。结果显示，2例亚临床型血友病A合并颅脑外伤手术患者，术后都得到了及时的恢复。提示亚临床型血友病A合并颅脑外伤患者关键是准确诊断，围手术期要求保持血中凝血因子FⅧ的促凝活性维持在止血水平，直到伤口愈合为止。