高确定性情绪（开心、愤怒）与低确定性情绪（悲伤）对信任的影响

本研究通过信任游戏的实验范式探讨了在与“受信任者”高/低可信赖性有关的信任线索时,具体情绪的确定性维度对信任行为的影响。实验一发现,当被试被告知“受信任者”在可信赖量表上的得分（高/低）时,个体在高确定性情绪（开心和愤怒）下的信任判断比低确定性情绪（悲伤）下的信任判断上更容易被受信任者的“可信赖性”水平的高低所影响;实验二发现,当告知被试“受信任者”的群体身份（内/外群）时,个体在高确定性情绪（开心和愤怒）下的信任判断比低确定性情绪（悲伤）下的信任判断更容易被受信任者的“内外群”身份所影响。上述结果表明,高确定性的情绪比低确定性的情绪更容易使被试的信任判断受到与“受信任者”是否值得信赖有关的线索所影响。     

正负情绪对社会两难困境中合作决策的影响

本实验选取大学生被试共78名,运用"重复囚徒困境"范式对于社会合作决策进行研究,以无明确线索条件下合作-背叛的两难问题为实验任务,引入正负性情绪变量,考察不同情绪在合作决策过程中的影响。实验发现:(1)不同情绪唤起对于被试合作得分与信任水平得分的影响有显著差异:当被唤起积极情绪时,被试的合作水平较高,当被唤起消极情绪时则相反。(2)不同的计算机合作应对策略对于被试合作得分的影响不显著,但对合作信任得分有显著影响,当对手采用TFT策略时,被试的合作信任水平较高,当对手采用随机策略时则相反。(3)不同情绪唤起和计算机应对策略对被试的合作得分与信任得分都有显著影响,且两者间存在交互作用。结果表明:个体的合作行为及信任水平受到所唤起情绪和计算机应对策略的共同影响。     

积极情绪对信任决策的影响研究

为了验证积极情绪对人际信任的影响其实更符合启发式依赖模型而非情绪（心境）一致性模型,通过三个实验,以控制信任线索和信任博弈等方式,对102名大学生被试开展实验研究.结果表明：（1）积极情绪不是简单地增加信任,其对信任决策的影响受到信任线索的调节：与中性情绪相比,当易得性图式和线索促进信任时,积极情绪的被试显示更多信任;当易得性图式和线索促进不信任时,积极情绪的被试表现更少的信任.（2）实验三证实积极情绪对人际信任的作用也受到交往环境的影响.正如启发式依赖模型预测,外群体不值得信任的先验图式,使得被诱发了积极情绪的被试较中性情绪被试更不信任外群体成员.     

公共物品两难中相互依赖关系对合作行为的影响

本文关注初始关系建立过程中互动双方相互依赖关系对个体合作行为的影响,认为情境中表征个体间相互依赖关系的线索会对激活被试在情境中的社会动机并影响被试的信任信念,进而影响互动双方的合作行为。操作互动双方问基于互动制约的相互依赖和基于利益共同的相互依赖,模拟高相互依赖和低相互依赖关系情境。结果表明：①不同的相互依赖关系能够激活不同的社会动机和信任信念;②不同的相互依赖关系中,被试的合作行为有显著差异;③在特定的相互依赖关系中,被试的合作行为与其本身的信任倾向无显著相关;④特定相互依赖关系下被试的社会动机带有策略性,信任信念对被试合作行为的预测能力较强。     

关系持续预期与规范目标激活：合适性逻辑下的信任决策

人际互动过程中,信任作为决策过程受到诸多因素的影响,信任的决策逻辑在不同的研究背景中存在冲突。本研究以合适性为信任决策框架,互动关系为激活规范目标的变量,分析了存在互动关系持续预期和不存在互动关系持续预期对信任行为的影响及其影响机制。结果表明：（1）被试间存在关系持续时,信任水平较高;关系持续预期消失时,信任水平显著下降。（2）被试对关系持续的重要性感知与其信任决策显著相关。（3）情境中的目标未被激活时,个体的信任倾向与信任决策显著相关;而当情境目标被激活时,信任倾向与信任决策相关不显著。     

直觉和深思下积极互惠行为的信任水平差异：基于收益框架视角

采用2（加工方式：直觉加工vs.深思加工）×3（信任水平：低vs.中vs.高）被试内设计,探讨双响应范式中直觉加工和深思加工下积极互惠行为存在差异的原因。结果发现,（1）在直觉加工中,处于低、中信任时被试更为利己,高信任时更为利他;深思加工中,信任水平越高利他行为越明显。（2）在低信任时,被试深思后呈现利己行为;中信任、高信任时,深思后呈现利他行为。这表明是信任水平的差异决定了被试在直觉和深思阶段的利己或利他倾向。     

金钱惩罚促进Stroop任务中的行为表现

本研究通过Stroop任务和修改版MIDT相结合,目的是考察不同额度金钱惩罚对Stroop任务行为表现的影响。结果发现：（1）无论是中性试次,一致试次还是不一致试次,金钱惩罚不仅减少了被试的行为反应时,而且提高了正确率;（2）非惩罚条件与惩罚条件下的冲突效应以及其他不同额度惩罚条件下的冲突效应差异不显著;（3）金钱惩罚对不一致试次反应时的影响与个体的惩罚敏感性呈显著负相关,而与奖赏敏感性无关。结果表明,金钱惩罚能够促进个体的一般行为表现,但是不会提高冲突抑制能力。同时,金钱惩罚对认知行为的影响与其惩罚敏感性密切相关。     

金钱惩罚促进Stroop任务中的行为表现

本研究通过Stroop任务和修改版MIDT相结合,目的是考察不同额度金钱惩罚对Stroop任务行为表现的影响。结果发现：（1）无论是中性试次,一致试次还是不一致试次,金钱惩罚不仅减少了被试的行为反应时,而且提高了正确率;（2）非惩罚条件与惩罚条件下的冲突效应以及其他不同额度惩罚条件下的冲突效应差异不显著;（3）金钱惩罚对不一致试次反应时的影响与个体的惩罚敏感性呈显著负相关,而与奖赏敏感性无关。结果表明,金钱惩罚能够促进个体的一般行为表现,但是不会提高冲突抑制能力。同时,金钱惩罚对认知行为的影响与其惩罚敏感性密切相关。     

认知操作背景下在线元认知调节能力的特征

利用认知任务为载体,对在线元认知调节特征进行研究,探讨了在线元认知调节的跨任务一致性和规则特异性。实验采用字母记忆与跟踪击键两种任务作为在线元认知调节的载体,通过逐步增加“提示线索”,观测个体在任务作业上的“成绩”（字母作业任务）或“成绩提高量”（跟踪击键任务）,以此作为评价在线元认知调节能力的指标。结果发现,随着认知任务中潜在规律线索数量的增加,被试能够通过在线元认知调节过程提高其认知作业水平;被试通过认知任务与追述报告分别反映的在线元认知调节水平具有一致性;在线元认知调节一方面具有跨任务情境的一致性,另一方面具有规则发现的差异性。因此,基于认知操作为背景的元认知评价方法能够较好地评估在线元认知调节能力     

信任者权力对其人际信任的影响

信任者权力对其人际信任的影响是基于双方权力的不对等实现的还是取决于信任者自身的权力水平的问题值得研究。为此,本研究在实验一中考查了信任博弈任务中信任者的权力感（与被信任者的权力水平无关）对其人际信任的影响,在实验二中通过角色扮演任务操纵信任者与被信任者的权力关系（对等vs.不对等）,同时测量信任者的人际信任倾向。结果表明：信任者自身的权力感影响其人际信任,低权力感个体比高权力感个体更信任他人;双方权力对等与否对信任者的人际信任倾向没有影响。可见,信任者权力更多是作为信任者自身的属性特征影响其人际信任,而不以双方权力层级不对等为前提。     

Perceived trustworthiness of faces drives trust behaviour in children

Facial appearances can powerfully influence adults' trust behaviour, despite limited evidence that these cues constitute honest signals of trustworthiness. It is not clear, however, whether the same is also true for children. The current study investigated whether, like adults, 5‐year‐olds and 10‐year‐olds are more likely to place their trust in partners that look trustworthy than those that look untrustworthy. A second, closely related question was whether children also explicitly value the information from face cues when making trust decisions. We investigated these questions using Token Quest: an economic trust game that gave participants the opportunity to make investments with a series of partners who might (or might not) repay their trust with large returns. These interactions occurred under different conditions, including one in which participants were shown the face of each partner and another in which they could ‘purchase’ access to faces with a portion of their investment capital. Results indicated that, like adults, 10‐year‐old children selectively placed their trust in those partners they perceived as looking trustworthy and many were willing to ‘pay’ to purchase access to these face cues during the trust game. We observed a similar profile of trust behaviour in 5‐year‐olds, with no significant group difference in the impact of face cues on behaviour across the three age groups. Together, these findings indicate that the influence of face cues on trust behaviour emerges early, and highlight a capacity for sophisticated social cognition in young children.     

I’m curious,I’m open to it,I test it,I trust it! A focus groups study to understand a-priori trust in automated buses

Trust is regarded as one of the main predictors for adopting automated buses (ABs). However, theories about trust (development) in technology generally vary and an in-depths study about trust in ABs specifically is still outstanding. The present study fills this gap by presenting results from focus group interviews to trust (development) in shared automated buses prior to exposure. The objectives of this study are to contrast participants’ naïve concepts of trust with theory and to identify underlying factors influencing a-priori trust in ABs. Results show that the N = 21 focus group participants use different strategies to familiarise themselves with the new technology of ABs, e.g., comparisons with familiar technologies, fundamental tendencies to approach or avoid, additional information seeking, or anthropomorphisation. These strategies largely support existing theories on trust (development) in technology. Differences between naïve interpretations of trust and its theoretical assumptions were found in focus group debates where more control over technology limited uncertainty and led to more trust. While theories suggest control and trust to be incompatible opposites, participants see control as a way to enhance trust. We provide starting points for further theory development and expansion and stress the importance of explanations in emerging technologies for trust and acceptance building.     

Measuring Trust between Organizational Boundary Role Persons

Theoretical writings on trust and interorganizational collaboration have neglected the measurement aspects of trust. Defining trust as an individual′s behavioral reliance on another person under a condition of risk, we developed and tested the construct validity of a questionnaire measure that assessed trust between the individuals who provide the linking mechanism across organizational boundaries, namely, boundary role persons (BRPs). The measure′s hypothesized multidimensionality was examined. The measure was tested in relation to a nomological network comprised of individual-level correlates based on Ajzen and Fishbein′s (1980) theory of reasoned action and dyad-level correlates regarding the longevity of the relationship between BRPs, the anticipated future longevity of their relationship, and their ability to manage conflict. Survey and archival data were used. Support for the measure′s construct validity came from individual-level confirmatory factor analyses. Further support came from analyses of individual-level and dyad-level correlates. Implications for the measure′s use in future theory testing on BRP trust and interorganizational collaboration are discussed.     

A Taste for Justice: Unpacking Identity Politics in a Nascent Democracy

This article examines attention to justice cues in the novel context of the nascent democracy of Tanzania. Using secondary national survey data, we illustrate Tanzanian citizens' attention to justice cues. We then test two competing hypotheses about the impact of religious identity on attention to justice cues. The first hypothesized model, based on System Justification Theory, predicts that subordinate group members (Muslims) will stay more loyal than dominant group members (Christians) to their government due to a decreased attention to justice cues. The second hypothesized model, based on the relational model of procedural justice, predicts that subordinate group members (Muslims) will dissent more than dominant group members (Christians) from their government due to an increased attention to justice cues. Multiple regression and mediational analyses indicate support for the procedural justice framework, with trust in the dominant political party mediating the relationship between process satisfaction and party identification. Implications for political and psychological theorizing about democratic processes will be discussed.     

Choice of practice-task order enhances golf skill learning

ObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to examine whether supporting learners’ autonomy, by giving them a small choice (i.e., order of practice devices) while practicing a golf putting task, would enhance learning, confidence, and positive affect.DesignExperimental, between-participants, and yoked design.MethodsTwo groups of participants practiced a golf-putting task under choice or control conditions. Choice group participants selected the order of three practice devices (visual cues, auditory cues, chest bar), while control group participants had to use those devices in the same order as their yoked choice-group counterpart. Learning was assessed by a delayed retention test. In addition to putting accuracy, we measured learners’ perceived choice, confidence, and positive affect.ResultsPractice and retention performance were enhanced in the choice relative to the control group. Perceived choice, confidence, and positive affect were rated higher by choice group participants as well.ConclusionsProviding performers with a small choice during task practice had motivational benefits that resulted in enhanced learning, increased confidence, and more positive emotional responses.     

Metacognition in argument generation: the misperceived relationship between emotional investment and argument quality

Overestimation of one’s ability to argue their position on socio-political issues may partially underlie the current climate of political extremism in the U.S. Yet very little is known about what factors influence overestimation in argumentation of socio-political issues. Across three experiments, emotional investment substantially increased participants’ overestimation. Potential confounding factors like topic complexity and familiarity were ruled out as alternative explanations (Experiments 1–3). Belief-based cues were established as a mechanism underlying the relationship between emotional investment and overestimation in a measurement-of-mediation (Experiment 2) and manipulation-of-mediator (Experiment 3) design. Representing a new bias blind spot, participants believed emotional investment helps them argue better than it helps others (Experiments 2 and 3); where in reality emotional investment harmed or had no effect on argument quality. These studies highlight misguided beliefs about emotional investment as a factor underlying metacognitive miscalibration in the context of socio-political issues.     

Positive affect as a moderator of liking effects on trust and attraction

Attitude similarity effects on attraction appear to be mediated sequentially by positive affect, inferred attraction, and trust. That is, the first two supposedly distal mediators influence each other in building trust, a mediator proximal to attraction. However, the correlational nature of data reported heretofore precludes definitive conclusions about sequential dependency between the two distal mediators. In the research reported, therefore, the authors manipulated positive affect in the participants (Time 1) and liking of the partner for them (Time 2), and measured trust before attraction. As predicted, liking effects on trust and attraction were stronger when positive affect in the participants was high than when it was low. Importantly, the interaction effect in trust fully mediated the interaction effect in attraction.     

眼睛注视线索对经济领域风险决策的影响：基于框架效应范式

采用基金投资框架任务,结合眼动技术考察眼睛注视线索与框架类型对风险决策的影响。结果发现：（1）消极眼睛注视线索促进了被试在损失框架下的风险寻求行为,控制组与积极、中性、消极眼睛组的行为结果无显著差异;（2）以均字注视次数为指标的眼动结果表明,积极眼睛组和中性眼睛组对确定损益的关注差异大于对风险损益的关注差异;消极眼睛组和控制组被试对损失的关注大于对收益的关注,对确定项的关注大于对风险项的关注,但两者不存在交互作用。消极眼睛注视线索可能改变了个体对风险性和确定性的感知,并因此影响了人们的风险决策行为,规避消极情绪线索可能有助于减少经济决策中的风险寻求行为。