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A non-monotonic logic, the Logic of Plausible Reasoning (LPR), capable of coping with the demands of what we call complex reasoning, is introduced. It is argued that creative complex reasoning is the way of reasoning required in many instances of scientific
thought, professional practice and common life decision taking. For managing the simultaneous consideration of multiple scenarios
inherent in these activities, two new modalities, weak and strong plausibility, are introduced as part of the Logic of Plausible
Deduction (LPD), a deductive logic specially designed to serve as the monotonic support for LPR. Axiomatics and semantics
for LPD, together with a completeness proof, are provided. Once LPD has been given, LPR may be defined via a concept of extension
over LPD. Although the construction of LPR extensions is first presented in standard style, for the sake of comparison with
existing non-monotonic formalisms, alternative more elegant and intuitive ways for constructing non-monotonic LPR extensions
are also given and proofs of their equivalence are presented. 相似文献
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Eric M. Hammer 《Synthese》1996,109(1):27-45
Several accounts of logical truth are compared and shown to define distinct concepts. Nevertheless, conditions are given under which they happen to declare exactly the same sentences logically true. These conditions involve the variety of objects in the domain, the richness of the language, and the logical resources available. It is argued that the class of sentences declared logically true by each of the accounts depends on particularities of the actual world. 相似文献
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Daniel C. Dennett 《Topoi》2006,25(1-2):39-41
Abstract Many projects in contemporary philosophy are artifactual puzzles of no abiding significance, but it is treacherously
easy for graduate students to be lured into devoting their careers to them, so advice is proffered on how to avoid this trap. 相似文献
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Journal of Philosophical Logic - 相似文献
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Matthew William McKeon 《Synthese》2009,167(1):163-182
An account of validity that makes what is invalid conditional on how many individuals there are is what I call a conditional
account of validity. Here I defend conditional accounts against a criticism derived from Etchemendy’s well-known criticism
of the model-theoretic analysis of validity. The criticism is essentially that knowledge of the size of the universe is non-logical
and so by making knowledge of the extension of validity depend on knowledge of how many individuals there are, conditional
accounts fail to reflect that the former knowledge is basic, i.e., independent of knowledge derived from other sciences. Appealing
to Russell’s pre-Principia logic, I defend conditional accounts against this criticism by sketching a rationale for thinking
that there are infinitely many logical objects. 相似文献
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Summary The aim of this paper is to give a geometric interpretation of quantifiers in the intutionistic predicate calculus. We obtain it treating formulae withn free variables as functions withn arguments which run over an abstract set whereas the values of functions are open subsets of a suitable topological space. 相似文献
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JC Beall 《Australasian journal of philosophy》2013,91(2):264-268
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This paper argues that adopting a particular dialogical account of logical consequence quite directly gives rise to an interesting form of logical pluralism, the form of pluralism in question arising out of the requirement that deductive proofs be explanatory.
相似文献12.
Three experiments were carried out to determine whether recognition memory was more efficient for true statements (on the basis of the subjects’ stable body of knowledge) than for false statements. The first two experiments did not show any difference. In a third experiment, the distractors were structured to prevent subjects from responding on the basis of the familiarity of individual component words rather than on the basis of the complete sentences. This experiment showed a clear difference between sentence classes, with true sentences remembered more accurately and faster than false sentences. The data fit, in general, the hypothesis that true sentences are doubly represented in memory. The relation of these findings to the findings on the effects of encoding tasks is also noted. 相似文献
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《Journal of Applied Logic》2014,12(4):558-569
In this paper we introduce a new deductive framework for analyzing processes displaying a kind of controlled monotonicity. In particular, we prove the cut-elimination theorem for a calculus involving series-parallel structures over partial orders which is built up from multi-level sequents, an interesting variant of Gentzen-style sequents. More broadly, our purpose is to provide a general, syntactical tool for grasping the combinatorics of non-monotonic processes. 相似文献
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Philosophical Studies - 相似文献
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Michael Strevens 《Philosophical Studies》2012,160(1):167-190
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Julian Dodd 《Synthese》2007,156(2):383-401
This paper argues that a consideration of the problem of providing truthmakers for negative truths undermines truthmaker theory.
Truthmaker theorists are presented with an uncomfortable dilemma. Either they must take up the challenge of providing truthmakers
for negative truths, or else they must explain why negative truths are exceptions to the principle that every truth must have
a truthmaker. The first horn is unattractive since the prospects of providing truthmakers for negative truths do not look
good neither absences, nor totality states of affairs, nor Graham Priest and J.C. Beall’s ‘polarities’ (Beall, 2000; Priest,
2000) are up to the job. The second horn, meanwhile, is problematic because restricting the truthmaker principle to atomic
truths, or weakening it to the thesis that truth supervenes on being, undercuts truthmaker theory’s original motivation. The
paper ends by arguing that truthmaker theory is, in any case, an under-motivated doctrine because the groundedness of truth can be explained without appeal to the truthmaker principle. This leaves us free to give the ommonsensical and deflationary
explanation of negative truths that common-sense suggests. 相似文献
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