共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Tikk A 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):317-318
An area where conflicts of interest can take place in Estonia is in the conduct of clinical trials. The paper lists the main
areas where such conflicts of interest can occur. The author also briefly discusses Estonia’s current position with regard
to regulating genetic information and the commencement of the Estonian Genome Project.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献
2.
Evans I 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):393-396
The UK Medical Research Council (MRC) takes the issue of conflict of interest very seriously. The overall aim is to preserve
a climate in which personal and organisational innovation can flourish while ensuring that potential conflicts are disclosed
and identified and conflicts are either avoided or managed with integrity. The approach needs to encompass the MRC’s various
responsibilities and the levels at which conflicts might arise: MRC staff (scientists and administrators); the governing Council;
research Boards and committees; external peer-reviewers; and applicants for funding. To achieve its goals, the MRC has issued
practical guidance on various aspects of conflict of interest. For the future, the MRC has identified the continuing commercialisation
of science and the increasing involvement of lay people in scientific decision-making as special challenges in this area.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献
3.
In this paper we describe and explore a management tool called the Caux Round Table Self-Assessment and Improvement Process
(SAIP). Based upon the Caux Round Table Principles for Business — a stakeholder-based, transcultural statement of business
values — the SAIP assists executives with the task of shaping their firm’s conscience through an organizational self-appraisal
process. This process is modeled after the self-assessment methodology pioneered by the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality
Award Program.
After briefly describing the SAIP, we address three topics. First, we examine similarities and differences between the Baldrige
approach to corporate self-assessment and the self-assessment process utilized within the SAIP. Second, we report initial
findings from two beta tests of the tool. These illustrate both the SAIP’s ability to help organizations strengthen their
commitment to ethically responsible conduct, and some of the tool’s limitations. Third, we briefly analyze various dimensions
of the business scandals of 2001–2002 (Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, etc.) in light of the ethical requirements articulated with
the SAIP. This analysis suggests that the SAIP can help link the current concerns of stakeholders — for example, investors
and the general public — to organizational practice, by providing companies with a practical way to incorporate critical lessons
from these unfortunate events.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the “Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology” meeting,
New Orleans, 2003. 相似文献
4.
Human D 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):273-276
The various statements and declarations of the World Medical Association that address conflicts of interest on the part of
physicians as (1) researchers, and (2) practitioners, are examined, with particular reference to the October 2000 revision
of the Declaration of Helsinki. Recent contributions to the literature, notably on conflicts of interest in medical research,
are noted. Finally, key provisions of the American Medical Association’s Code of Medical Ethics (2000–2001 Edition) that address
the various forms of conflict of interest that can arise in the practice of medicine are outlined.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002.
The World Medical Association (WMA) is a global federation of National Medical Associations representing the millions of physicians
worldwide. Acting on behalf of patients and physicians, the WMA endeavours to achieve the highest possible standards of medical
care, ethics, education and health-related human rights for all people. 相似文献
5.
Hasselmo N 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):421-427
This paper is a discussion of efforts to manage real and potential conflicts of interest in university research in the United
States. The focus is on the report by an Association of American Universities (AAU) task force that addresses both individual
and institutional conflict of interest issues.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献
6.
E. J. Coffman 《Synthese》2008,162(2):173-194
This paper advances the debate over the question whether false beliefs may nevertheless have warrant, the property that yields knowledge when conjoined with true belief. The paper’s first main part—which spans Sections 2–4—assesses
the best argument for Warrant Infallibilism, the view that only true beliefs can have warrant. I show that this argument’s key premise conflicts with an extremely plausible claim about warrant.
Sections 5–6 constitute the paper’s second main part. Section 5 presents an overlooked puzzle about warrant, and uses that
puzzle to generate a new argument for Warrant Fallibilism, the view that false beliefs can have warrant. Section 6 evaluates this pro-Fallibilism argument, finding ultimately that it defeats itself in
a surprising way. I conclude that neither Infallibilism nor Fallibilism should now constrain theorizing about warrant. 相似文献
7.
Claudia Welz 《Continental Philosophy Review》2010,43(2):267-285
This paper develops the thesis that personal identity is neither to be taken in terms of an unchanging self-sufficient ‘substance’
nor in terms of selfhood ‘without substance,’ i.e. as fluctuating processes of pure relationality and subject-less activity.
Instead, identity is taken as self-transformation that is bound to particular embodied individuals and surpasses them as individuated entities. The paper is structured in three parts. Part I describes the experiential givenness
of conflicts that support our sense of self-transformation. While the first part develops an inter-subjective topography of
emotional movements, the second part pays attention to their temporal dimension. We work with conflicts and get transformed
by them also in the way we remember them. Part II focuses on the process of self-understanding that accompanies conflicts
and their metamorphosis in memory. Part III compares and discusses different models of a ‘relational ontology’ of the person,
which question the idea that we are defined only by how we define ourselves—just as they question the idea that one’s identity
is independent of how one relates to one’s having changed. 相似文献
8.
Vrhovac B 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):309-316
There is an emerging awareness of the possibility of conflicts of interest in the practice of medicine in Croatia. The paper
examines areas within the medical profession where conflicts of interest can and have occurred, probably not only in Croatia.
Particularly addressed are situations when a doctor may have dual obligations and how independent ethics committees can help
in decreasing the influence of a conflict of interest. The paper also presents extracts from the Croatian Code of Ethics for
the medical profession that address problems of conflict of interest.
An earlier version of this paper entitled was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献
9.
Jansen B 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):319-325
When confronting the issues related to developments in modern medicine and biotechnology, we must repeatedly ask ourselves
anew what can and cannot be justified in an ethical sense. For radically new ethical questions seem to arise through innovative
techniques such as stem cell research or preimplantation diagnosis — and with them new areas of conflicting interests. If
one scrutinizes the previous positions related to this subject, it becomes conspicuous that a multitude of questions has quickly
piled up — however, (as in the case of Germany) comprehensive and differentiated views have mostly been lacking.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献
10.
Sauser WI 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(2):337-342
Without question “business ethics” is one of the hot topics of the day. Over the past months we have seen business after business
charged with improper practices that violate commonly-accepted ethical norms. This has led to a loss of confidence in corporate
management, and has had severe economic consequences. From many quarters business educators have heard the call to put more
emphasis on ethical practices in their business courses and curricula. Engineering educators are also heeding this call, since
the practice of engineering usually involves working for (or leading) a business and/or engaging in business transactions.
In the summer of 2002, Auburn University’s Engineering Professional Development program made the decision to produce—based
on the author’s Executive MBA course in Business Ethics—a distance-delivered continuing education program for professional
engineers and surveyors. Participants across the USA now may use the course to satisfy continuing education requirements with
respect to professional licensing and certification. This paper outlines the purpose and content of the course and describes
its production, distribution, application, and evaluation.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the “Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology” meeting,
New Orleans, 2003. 相似文献
11.
Ziman J 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):397-399
For scientific knowledge to be trustworthy, it needs to be dissociated from material interests. Disinterested research also
performs other important non-instrumental roles. In particular, academic science has traditionally provided society with reliable,
imaginative public knowledge and independent, self-critical expertise. But this type of science is not compatible with the
practice of instrumental research, which is typically proprietary, prosaic, pragmatic and partisan. With ever-increasing dependence
on commercial or state funding, all modes of knowledge production are merging into a new, ‘post-academic’ research culture
which is dominated by utilitarian goals. Growing concern about conflicts of interest is thus a symptom of deep-seated malaise
in science and medicine.
An expanded version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献
12.
Ian Kidd 《Philosophia》2012,40(2):365-377
This paper explores the influence of the fifth-century Christian Neoplatonist Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Denys) on the
twentieth-century philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend. I argue that the later Feyerabend took from Denys a metaphysical
claim—the ‘doctrine of ineffability’—intended to support epistemic pluralism. The paper has five parts. Part one introduces
Denys and Feyerabend’s common epistemological concern to deny the possibility of human knowledge of ultimate reality. Part
two examines Denys’ arguments for the ‘ineffability’ of God as presented in On the Divine Names. Part three then explores how Feyerabend imported Denys’ account of divine ineffability into his own metaphysics to provide
a novel argument for epistemic pluralism. Part four explains the significance of an appreciation of Dionyius’ influence for
our understanding of Feyerabend. I conclude that Denys was a significant and neglected influence upon the later Feyerabend. 相似文献
13.
Friedman PJ 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):413-420
Conflicts of interest have an erosive effect on trust in science, damaging first the attitude of the public toward scientists
and their research, but also weakening the trusting interdependence of scientists. Disclosure is recognized as the key tool
for management of conflicts, but rules with sanctions must be improved, new techniques for avoidance of financial conflicts
by alternative funding of evaluative research must be sought, and there must be new thinking about institutional conflicts
of interest. Our profession is education, and both the public and research professionals of all ages would benefit from greater
understanding of how science should and does work.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献
14.
In Morals From Motives, Michael Slote defends an agent-based theory of right action according to which right acts are those that express virtuous
motives like benevolence or care. Critics have claimed that Slote’s view— and agent-based views more generally— cannot account
for several basic tenets of commonsense morality. In particular, the critics maintain that agent-based theories: (i) violate
the deontic axiom that “ought” implies “can”, (ii) cannot allow for a person’s doing the right thing for the wrong reason,
and (iii) do not yield clear verdicts in a number of cases involving “conflicting motives” and “motivational over-determination”.
In this paper I develop a new agent-based theory of right action designed to avoid the problems presented for Slote’s view.
This view makes morally right action a matter of expressing an optimal balance of virtue over vice and commands agents in
each situation to improve their degree of excellence to the greatest extent possible. 相似文献
15.
Steven Crowell 《Synthese》2008,160(3):335-354
This paper argues that transcendental phenomenology (here represented by Edmund Husserl) can accommodate the main thesis of
semantic externalism, namely, that intentional content is not simply a matter of what is ‘in the head,’ but depends on how
the world is. I first introduce the semantic problem as an issue of how linguistic tokens or mental states can have ‘content’—that
is, how they can set up conditions of satisfaction or be responsive to norms such that they can succeed or fail at referring.
The standard representationalist view—which thinks of the problem in first-person terms—is contrasted with Brandom’s pragmatic
inferentialist approach, which adopts a third-person stance. The rest of the paper defends a phenomenological version of the
representationalist position (seeking to preserve its first-person stance) but offers a conception of representation that
does not identify it with an entity ‘in the head.’ The standard view of Husserl as a Cartesian internalist is undermined by
rejecting its fundamental assumption—that Husserl’s concept of the ‘noema’ is a mental entity—and by defending a concept of
‘phenomenological immanence’ that has a normative, rather than a psychological, structure. Finally, it is argued that phenomenological
immanence cannot be identified with ‘consciousness’ in Husserl’s sense, though consciousness is a necessary condition for
it. 相似文献
16.
Josh Corngold 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2011,30(1):67-84
This paper offers a critique of the “democratic state of education” proposed by Amy Gutmann in her influential book Democratic Education. In the democratic state of education, educational authority is shared among the state, parents and educational professionals;
and educational objectives are geared toward equipping future citizens to participate in what Gutmann calls “conscious social
reproduction”—the collective shaping of the future of society through democratic deliberation. Although I agree with some
of Gutmann’s broad recommendations for civic education, I have misgivings about the centrality that she gives to conscious
social reproduction in her theory of education. I argue that in focusing so intently on the facilitation of conscious social
reproduction, Gutmann’s theory makes insufficient room for the basic interests of individual children, and in particular,
their prospective interest in autonomy. Gutmann’s considered position on sex education policy—specifically, her willingness
to allow local communities to deny their children access to sex education—exemplifies the shortcomings of her theory. Ultimately,
her democratic state of education fails to acknowledge the fundamental moral importance of individual flourishing, and the
contribution that education can and should make to it. 相似文献
17.
Cohen JJ 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):401-406
Upholding public trust in clinical research necessitates that human subjects be protected from avoidable harm and that the
design, interpretation and reporting of research results be shielded from avoidable bias. On both counts, managing financial
conflicts of interest is critically important, especially in the modern era when the opportunities for investigators to benefit
personally from the commercialization of their intellectual property are overtly encouraged and rapidly expanding. Efforts
are underway in the United States to provide more useful guidance to universities and medical schools for purposes of strengthening
the oversight and management of financial conflicts of interest in clinical research.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献
18.
Corey J. Maley 《Philosophical Studies》2011,155(1):117-131
Representation is central to contemporary theories regarding the mind/brain. But the nature of representation—both in the
mind/brain and more generally—is a source of ongoing controversy. One way of categorizing representational types is to distinguish
between the analog and the digital: the received view is that analog representations vary smoothly, while digital representations
vary in a step-wise manner. In other words, ‘digital’ is synonymous with ‘discrete’, while ‘analog’ is synonymous with ‘continuous’.
I argue that this characterization is inadequate to account for the ways in which representation is (and should be) used in
cognitive science; in its place, I suggest an alternative taxonomy. I will defend and extend David Lewis’s account of analog
and digital representation, distinguishing analog from continuous representation, as well as digital from discrete representation.
I will argue that the distinctions available in this fourfold account better accord with representational features of interest
in cognitive science than the received analog/digital dichotomy. 相似文献
19.
Lichterman B 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):383-386
The author relates conditions for conducting clinical trials in Russia, current experiences of ethics committees, areas where
conflicts of interest can occur regarding publishing the results of clinical trials in medical journals and the state of medical
journalism in Russia today.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002.
The author is a science editor of Meditsynskaya Gazeta. 相似文献
20.
In a recent article in Argumentation, O’Keefe (Argumentation 21:151–163, 2007) observed that the well-known ‘framing effects’ in the social psychological literature on persuasion are akin to traditional
fallacies of argumentation and reasoning and could be exploited for persuasive success in a way that conflicts with principles
of responsible advocacy. Positively framed messages (“if you take aspirin, your heart will be more healthy”) differ in persuasive
effect from negative frames (“if you do not take aspirin, your heart will be less healthy”), despite containing ‘equivalent’
content. This poses a potential problem, because people might be unduly (and unsuspectingly) influenced by mere presentational
differences. By drawing on recent cognitive psychological work on framing effects in choice and decision making paradigms,
however, we show that establishing whether two arguments are substantively equivalent—and hence, whether there is any normative
requirement for them to be equally persuasive—is a difficult task. Even arguments that are logically equivalent may not be
information equivalent. The normative implications of this for both speakers and listeners are discussed. 相似文献