Job Perception–Job Satisfaction Relations: An Empirical Comparison of Three Competing Theories

Alternative conceptions of the relationship between job perceptions and job satisfaction were tested using survey responses from 450 engineers. One model, based on Job Characteristics Theory (JCT) (e.g., Hackman & Lawler, 1971), predicted that job perceptions lead to job satisfaction (JP → Sat). A second model, based on Social Information Processing (SIP) theory (e.g., Salancik & Pfeffer, 1978) and Zajonc′s (1980) theory, predicted that job satisfaction leads to job perceptions (Sat → JP). A third model, which specified a reciprocal relationship between perceptions and satisfaction (JP ↔ Sat), was developed based on James′ theory (e.g., James, Hater, Gent, & Bruni, 1978). Supervisors′ ratings of departmental characteristics were used as contextual variables along with individual difference measures as antecedents of job perceptions and job satisfaction. Model contrasts performed using LISREL VII yielded clear support for the reciprocal model based on James′ theory, in contrast to the unidirectional models based on JCT and on SIP and Zajonc′s theory. The magnitudes of the two reciprocal paths linking job perceptions and job satisfaction did not differ significantly. Directions for future research and application were offered.     

工作倦怠研究的新趋势

工作倦怠是当前组织行为学和人力资源管理的研究热点之一,其最新的研究趋势可以概括为四个方面：（1）倦怠研究从“倦怠”到“投入”,从“消极”到“积极”;（2）倦怠研究的领域和范围更为宽广;（3）倦怠的跨职业和跨文化比较研究得到重视;（4）倦怠的整合性研究开始出现,干预性研究崭露头角。最后,文章还对我国的工作倦怠研究提出了建议。     

幼儿园教师社会化与工作满意度的关系

研究者普遍认为教师社会化程度越高,社会化结果越积极.本研究以天津市的327名幼儿园教师为研究对象,在对教师社会化内容和工作满意度进行细分的基础上,考察了教师社会化与工作满意的关系.研究结果表明:①幼儿园教师组织知识社会化程度与工作满意各维度正相关;②工作任务社会化程度(即,任务掌握)与报酬、晋升、利益、偶然奖励和操作程序满意正相关,与工作本身、管理者、同事和人际满意呈现负相关趋势;③角色知识社会化程度(即,角色清晰)仪与工作本身、管理者、同事和人际满意显著正柑关;④组织政治社会化程度仅与偶然奖励满意显著负相关.最后,研究从j二作满意度内容差异的角度对上述结果做出了解释,并提出了对工作满意度做高阶划分的观点.     

Comparing Attribute Importance and Reason Methods for Understanding Behavior: An Application to Internet Job Searching

Pour tenter de comprendre le comportement de recherche d’emploi sur Internet, cette recherche compare les méthodes de l’importance attribuée et des causes motivationnelles. La méthode de l’importance attribuée évalue l’importance perçue de divers facteurs en jeu dans la décision d’utiliser Internet pour trouver un emploi. La méthode des causes motivationnelles évalue les facteurs spécifiques auxquels les gens font appel pour expliquer leur comportement à venir de recherche d’emploi sur Internet, ce qui implique une différenciation des raisons favorables ou non à l’adoption du comportement. A partir des données obtenues sur 224 demandeurs d’emploi ayant en moyenne 27.9 ans, une régression logislique montra que les variables d’importance attribuée expliquaient 5% de la variance du comportement objectivement mesuré de recherche d’emploi. Les variables de causes motivationnelles expliquaient 15% de la variance des comportements, ce qui représente un gain significatif en sus de ce que prédit la méthode de l’importance attribuée. De plus, la méthode des causes motivationnelles était en mesure d’identifier plusieurs antécédents du comportement de recherche d’emploi qui ěchappaient à la méthode de l’importance attribuée. Les résultats sont en faveur de l’exploitation des variables de causes motivationnelles par la recherche on psychologic appliquée. This study compared attribute importance and reason methods for understanding internet job search behavior. The attribute importance method assessed the perceived importance of various factors involved in decisions to use the internet for job search. The reason method assessed the specific factors people use to explain their anticipated internet job search behavior, which included a differentiation of reasons for and reasons against performing the behavior. Logistic regression results from 224 job searchers (mean age 27.9 years) indicated that attribute importance variables explained 5 per cent of the variance in objectively measured job search behavior. Reason variables explained 15 per cent of the variance in behavior, which represents a significant increment in prediction over and above that explained by the attribute importance method. Moreover, the reason method was able to identify several determinants of job search behavior that were unidentified by the attribute importance method. Results provide strong support for using reason variables in applied psychological research.     

国外教师职业倦怠研究新进展

教师职业倦怠是教师因工作时间过长、工作量过大、工作强度过高所经历的一种疲惫不堪的状态,包括情绪衰竭、去人性化、低个人成就感三个方面。教师职业倦怠的起因很多,除个人因素外,更重要的是环境因素,主要包括超量工作、缺乏调节、缺乏奖赏、人际关系障碍、公平缺失和价值冲突等,研究者认为教会教师应对倦怠的策略是缓解倦怠的有效方法。     

国外教师职业倦怠研究新进展

教师职业倦怠是教师因工作时间过长、工作量过大、工作强度过高所经历的一种疲惫不堪的状态,包括情绪衰竭、去人性化、低个人成就感三个方面.教师职业倦怠的起因很多,除个人因素外,更重要的是环境因素,主要包括超量工作、缺乏调节、缺乏奖赏、人际关系障碍、公平缺失和价值冲突等,研究者认为教会教师应对倦怠的策略是缓解倦怠的有效方法.     

An Experiment in Judging Personalities

Use of the semantic differential technique has largely been restricted to “paper and pencil” settings and student populations. In this study, adult respondents in an interview setting were asked to evaluate two concepts—use of lake (a) as a source of electric power and (b) as a recreational area—by means of eight seven-point scales. Results indicated considerable conceptscale interaction, suggesting that Osgood's interpretation of the semantic differential may be restricted by both technique of data collection and subpopulation. Respondent hostility might be an intervening variable. The semantic differential technique appeared to yield a preliminary evaluation of the two concepts, suggesting its use as an indicator of orientation.     

Methodology for Identifying Abilities for Job Classification: An Application of Job Analysis

There has been a resurgence of interest in using cognitive and personality factors to improve prediction of job performance. Small gains in prediction efficiency can have enormous benefits for organizations that make many employee placements. It is prohibitively expensive to conduct empirical validity studies for every newly proposed factor for every job. A cost-effective alternative is the method of expert judgments in which subject matter experts (SMEs) rate the importance of various abilities for task components. This rational specification technique was applied to four Air Force enlisted and four officer occupations using the survey mail-out method to obtain SME ratings of the importance of various abilities for successful job performance. Tasks (e.g., calculate serial dilutions, evacuate refrigerant subsystems) were grouped by verbs to define activity modules. Reliable and reasonable ratings of the importance of abilities were obtained by the survey mail-out method.     

Moderators of Candidate Name‐Order Effects in Elections: An Experiment

Past studies of elections have shown that candidates whose names were listed at the beginning of a list on a ballot often received more votes by virtue of their position. This article tests speculations about the cognitive mechanisms that might be responsible for producing the effect. In an experiment embedded in a large national Internet survey, participants read about the issue positions of two hypothetical candidates and voted for one of them in a simulated election in which candidate name order was varied. The expected effect of position appeared and was strongest (1) when participants had less information about the candidates on which to base their choices, (2) when participants felt more ambivalent about their choices, (3) among participants with more limited cognitive skills, and (4) among participants who devoted less effort to the candidate evaluation process. The name‐order effect was greater among left‐handed people when the candidate names were arrayed horizontally, but there was no difference between left‐ and right‐handed people when the names were arrayed vertically. These results reinforce some broad theoretical accounts of the cognitive process that yield name‐order effects in elections.     

Theology in Ecological Perspective: An Interdisciplinary,Inquiry‐Based Experiment

Abstract. As the result of an extensive self‐study for the purpose of reaccreditation, the Department of Theology at The University of Portland began offering a new series of courses called Theological Perspective Courses (THEP). THEP courses are upper division and offered by theology faculty in conjunction with another department that has required core courses in the College of Arts and Sciences. They are intended to be interdisciplinary, with two faculty members from different disciplines collaborating on new course design and implementation. THEP 482, Theology in Ecological Perspective, was one of the first two THEP courses taught. This article describes and reflects on the nature of this religion and science course in terms of subject matter, learning theory, and development of community. Several additional appendices to this article appear online at: http://www.wabashcenter.wabash.edu/journal/article2.aspx?id=12397